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NUT 111AV FINAL > 6. Vitamins > Flashcards

6. Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of vitamins?

A
  • Organic compounds w/ regulatory functions

- Cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body –> must be obtained from the diet

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2
Q

How many vitamins are universally recognized?

A

13

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3
Q

What is the classification of vitamins based on? What is it not based on?

A

By their biological and chemical activity, not their structure

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4
Q

What is a vitamer?

A

A form of a particular vitamin

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5
Q

What are the main classifications of vitamins?

A
  • Water-soluble

- Fat-soluble

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6
Q

How many water-soluble vitamins are there?

A

9

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7
Q

How many fat-soluble vitamins are there?

A

4

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8
Q

How are water-soluble vs. fat-soluble vitamins handled in the body?

A
  • Water soluble vitamins are not stored

- Fat soluble vitamins can be stores, but not all are stored

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9
Q

What is the one water soluble vitamin that can be stored? Where is it stored?

A

Vitamin B12 can be stored in the liver for long periods of time

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10
Q

What is the toxicity of water soluble vs. fat soluble vitamins at excessive doses?

A
  • Water soluble = mostly non-toxic at excessive doses

- Fat soluble = most are toxic at excessive doses

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11
Q

List the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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12
Q

What type of vitamins do not undergo digestion? Why not?

A

Water-soluble vitamins are small enough to be absorbed

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13
Q

What mechanisms does the digestive tract use to move water-soluble nutrients from your gut to your bloodstream?

A
  • Sodium-dependent active transport

- Diffusion

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14
Q

In what forms are water-soluble vitamins transferred throughout the bloodstream?

A
  • Free-form (not bound to anything)
  • Bound to specific protein carriers
  • Bound to albumin
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15
Q

What organ continuously regulates levels of water-soluble vitamins? What does it do w/ the excess?

A

Kidneys excretes excesses out of body in your urine

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16
Q

How often should water-soluble vitamins be replenished?

A

Every few days

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17
Q

In what form is vitamin C primarily found as?

A

Ascorbic acid

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18
Q

What are the common sources of vitamin C?

A

Fruits and veggies

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19
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin C for men vs. women?

A
  • Men = 90 mg/day

- Women = 75 mg/day

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20
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A
  • Collagen synthesis
  • Antioxidant activity
  • Neurotransmitter synthesis
  • Enhances immune function when you have a cold
  • Protects against certain types of cancers
  • Helps prevent CV disease by maintaining integrity of vasculature
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21
Q

What condition does vitamin C deficiency lead to? Symptoms?

A

SCURVY = issues w/ healing, bleeding, bruising, hair health, brain health

  • hyperkeratosis of hair follicles
  • hypochhondriasis (psychological manifestations)
  • retarded wound healing
  • bleeding gyms
  • spontaneous rupture of capillaries
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22
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin C toxicity?

A

Minor side effects from supplements = GI tract issues

-diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, bloating, headache, insomnia, kidney stones

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23
Q

How does one get too much vitamin C? (toxicity)

A

From supplements, not usually from diet

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24
Q

What are the common sources of thiamin?

A
  • Meats (pork)
  • Legumes
  • Enriched grains
  • Fortified foods
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25
Q

What is the RDA of thiamin for men vs/ women?

A
  • Men = 1.2 mg/day

- Women = 1.1 mg/day

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26
Q

What are the functions of thiamin?

A
  • Energy transformation (coenzyme role)
  • Synthesis of pentoses and NADPH (coenzyme role)
  • Membrane and nerve conduction (non-coenzyme capacity)
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27
Q

What condition does a thiamin deficiency lead to? Symptoms?

A

BERIBERI

  • muscle weakness
  • anorexia
  • tachycardia
  • enlarged heart
  • edema
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28
Q

What are the diff types of beriberi? What does each effect?

A
  • Dry: affects peripheral nervous system

- Wet = affects CV system

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29
Q

What foods can inhibit thiamin absorption?

A

Alcohol, coffee, tea, raw fish

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30
Q

What type of prob is the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Neurologic and psychiatric problems

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31
Q

What is the danger of thiamin toxicity? At what dosage does this occur? Symptoms?

A
  • Little danger w/ oral intake
  • Toxicity probs only seen in doses 5000x higher than RDA
  • Sx: nerve and CV issues
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32
Q

What are the common sources of riboflavin?

A
  • Milk/dairy
  • Eggs
  • Meat
  • Liver
  • Legumes
  • Fortified grains
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33
Q

What is the RDA of riboflavin for men vs. women?

A
  • Men = 1.3 mg/day

- Women = 1.1 mg/day

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34
Q

What are the functions of riboflavin?

A

Coenzyme that participates in several rxns to release e- from carbs, fat, ketones, and protein through the Krebs cycle and carry them tot he ETC for energy production

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35
Q

What condition does a deficiency in riboflavin lead to? Symptoms?

A

Ariboflavinosis

  • cheilosis (cracks at corners of mouth)
  • glossitis (painful, red tongue)
  • Photophobia (sensitivity to light)
  • Edema (swelling)
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36
Q

What are the common sources of niacin?

A
  • Fish and meats
  • Enriched grains
  • Peanut butter
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37
Q

What is the RDA of niacin for men vs. women?

A
  • Men = 16 mg/day

- Women: 14 mg/day

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38
Q

What has the highest RDA of all the B-vitamins?

A

Niacin (B3)

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39
Q

What are the functions of niacin?

A
  • Coenzyme in redox rxns (oxidative rxns, reductive biosynthesis)
  • Component of NAD, which is used in glycolysis and the TCA cycle to carry electrons to the ETC
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40
Q

What condition does a niacin deficiency cause?

A

Pellagra

  • dermatitis
  • diarrhea
  • dementia
  • death
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41
Q

What are the consequences of niacin toxicity? Symptoms?

A

Niacin flush = skin flushing and itching, dry skin, skin rashes including eczema exacerbation

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42
Q

What are the common sources of pantothenic acid?

A

Virtually all foods (organ meats, mushrooms, broccoli, avocados, whole grains, sunflower seeds, peanuts)

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43
Q

What is the RDA of pantothenic acid?

A

5 mg/day

44
Q

What are the functions of pantothenic acid?

A
  • Major component of coenzyme A (nutrient metabolism)

- Acetylation of proteins, sugars, drugs

45
Q

What are the consequences of pantothenic acid deficiency?

A
  • Fatigue, insomnia, depression, irritability
  • Burning feet syndrome (caused by neuropathy)
  • usually occurs w/ other B vitamin deficiencies
46
Q

What are the common sources of pyridoxine?

A
  • Animal products (sirloin, salmon, light meat chicken)
  • Plant foods
  • Fortified cereals
  • Supplements (for vegetarians)
47
Q

What is the RDA of pyridoxine for men vs/ women?

A

1.3 mg/day

48
Q

What are the functions of pyridoxine?

A
  • In the form PLP, needed to convert AAs to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  • Coenzymes
  • Noncoenzymes
49
Q

What types of individuals are at higher risk for pyridoxine deficiency?

A
  • Elderly
  • Alcoholics
  • People on certain drugs
50
Q

What are the consequences of pyridoxine toxicity?

A

Sensory and peripheral neuropathy

51
Q

What are the consequences of pyridoxine deficiency?

A

Sensory and peripheral neuropathy (nerve pain in extremities)

52
Q

What are the common sources for biotin?

A
  • Widely distributed in foods (beef, soybeans, egg yolk)

- Made by bacteria in large intestine

53
Q

How much biotin does a person need per day?

A

30 micrograms/day

54
Q

What are the functions of biotin?

A
  • Coenzyme roles (FA synthesis, gluconeogenesis, carboxylation rxns)
  • Non-coenzyme roles (biotinylation, gene expression, cell cycle
55
Q

What would cause a biotin deficiency?

A

Genetic mutation biotinidase deficiency

56
Q

Folate vs. Folic acid

A
  • Folate: reduced form found naturally in foods and tissues

- Folic acid: oxidized form found in fortified foods/supplements

57
Q

What are the common sources of folate?

A
  • Mushrooms
  • Green veggies
  • Enriched foods
58
Q

What is the RDA of folate?

A

400 micrograms/day

59
Q

Why is folate so important for pregnant women?

A

Woman who take folic acid supplements before and during early pregnancy can prevent 50% or more of neural tube defects

60
Q

What are the functions of folate?

A
  • AA metabolism

- Purine and pyrimidine synthesis, nucleotide metabolism

61
Q

What are the consequences of folate deficiency?

A
  • Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

- Neural tube defects in babies of pregnant woman

62
Q

What are the common sources for vitamin B12?

A
  • Meat
  • Shellfish
  • Dairy products
  • Supplements
63
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin B12?

A

2.4 micrograms/day

64
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A
  • Vitamin B12 released from food
  • Vitamin B12 binds to R proteins in saliva and gastric juice
  • In small intestine, R protein is digested to release vitamin B12
  • Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF), forming a complex in small intestine
  • Vitamin B12-IF complex binds to a receptor on enterocytes in the ileum and gets internalized by endocytosis
65
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B12?

A
  • Brain and nervous system health
  • Formation of blood
  • Conversion of homocysteine to methionine (methylcobalamin)
  • Conversion of L-methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA (adenosylcobalamin)
66
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency? Cause

A
  • Megaloblastic marocytic anemia
  • Neuropathy
  • usually caused by inadequate absorption of vitamin B12
67
Q

What are the different types of vitamin A?

A
  • Retinoids

- Carotenoids

68
Q

What are the common sources of retinoids?

A

Foods of animal origin (liver, dairy, eggs, fish oils, tuna)

69
Q

What are the common sources of carotenoids (provitamin A)?

A

Food of plant origin (fruits & vegetables)

70
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin A for men vs. women?

A
  • Men = 900 micrograms RAE

- Women = 700 micrograms RAE

71
Q

What are the different forms of carotenoids?

A
  • Beta-carotene
  • Alpha-carotene
  • Gamma-carotene
72
Q

How is the majority of vitamin A absorbed? What % of vitamin A is absorbed this way?

A

70-90% absorbed from a fat-containing meal b/c vitamin A is fat-soluble

73
Q

How much carotenoid absorption occurs when eating uncooked veggies by themselves?

A

5%

74
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A
  • Vision
  • Gene expression
  • Cellular differentiation
  • Immune health
  • Bone metabolism
75
Q

Describe the function of carotenoids?

A

Antioxidants –> have the ability to react w/ and quench (inactivate) free radical rxns

76
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness, Bitot’s spots

77
Q

How prevalent is vitamin A deficiency around the world?

A

Approx 1/3 of children under the age of 5 around the world

78
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin A toxicity?

A
  • Teratogenic
  • Damaged liver
  • Orange discoloration of skin
79
Q

What are the common sources of vitamin D?

A
  • Synthesis in skin from sunlight
  • Meat
  • Dairy
  • Some saltwater fish
  • Fortified foods like milk, cereals
80
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin D?

A

15-20 micrograms

81
Q

How is vitamin D absorbed and transported?

A
  • Absorbed from micelles w/ help from fat and bile salts by passive diffusion
  • Incorporated into chylomicrons for transport into lymphatic system, then into blood
82
Q

How can our bodies synthesize vitamin D?

A

Can synthesize a vitamin D precursor from cholesterol, which then needs to be activated by exposure to sunlight

83
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A
  • Regulates BP and decreases risk of heart disease
  • May improve blood glucose in diabetics
  • Decreases calcium loss in urine, increase calcium absorption in intestine, increase bone mineralization
84
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Myopathy (muscle disease)

- Autoimmune disorders

85
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin D deficiency in children vs. adults? Symptoms?

A
  • Children: rickets (seizures, growth retardation, bones don’t mineralize)
  • Adults: osteomalacia (poor bone mineralization)
86
Q

How is vitamin D deficiency treated?

A

Supplement

87
Q

What is vitamin D toxicity caused by? Not caused by?

A

Supplements, not the sun

88
Q

What are the 2 classes of vitamin E?

A
  • Tocopherols

- Tocotrienols

89
Q

What form of vitamin E has the highest bioactivity?

A

Alpha-tocopherol

90
Q

What are the common sources of vitamin E?

A
  • Plant oils (canola, olive, sunflower, cottonseed)
  • Whole grains
  • Legumes
  • Some fruits and veggies
91
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin E?

A

15 mg/day

92
Q

What are the roles of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant role:
-maintains membrane integrity of body cells
-free radical termination
Prevent heart disease:
-may inhibit oxidation of LDL and prevent blood clots

93
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin E toxicity?

A

GI distress and bleeding

94
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • Skin probs
  • Lipid oxidation probs
  • Cell membrane probs
95
Q

What are the 3 forms of vitamin K?

A
  • Phylloquinones
  • Menaquinones
  • Menadiones
96
Q

What are the sources of phylloquinones?

A

Plants (green, leafy veggies)

97
Q

What are the sources of menaquinones?

A

Bacteria (fermented products)

98
Q

What is the adequate intake amount of vitamin K for men vs. women?

A
  • Men = 120 micrograms/day

- Women = 90 micrograms/day

99
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

A
  • Blood clotting
  • Bone health
  • Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues
100
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Probs w/ blood clotting

101
Q

Which vitamins are most involved in hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)?

A
  • Folate
  • Pyridoxine
  • Vitamin B12
  • Pantothenic acid
102
Q

Vitamin C acts as a water-soluble antioxidant which can assist in the regeneration of which other antioxidant vitamin?

A

Vitamin E

103
Q

List the vitamins in order of highest to lowest RDA.

A
  1. Vitamin C = 75-90 mg/day
  2. Niacin (B3) = 14-16 mg/day
  3. Vitamin E = 15 mg/day
  4. Pantothenic acid (B5) = 5-6 mg/day
  5. Pyridoxine (B6) = 1.3-1.7 mg/day
  6. Riboflavin (B2) = 1.1-1.3 mg/day
  7. Thamin (B1) = 1.1-1.2 mg/day
  8. Vitamin A = 700-900 micrograms/day
  9. Folate = 400 micrograms/day
  10. Vitamin K = 90-120 micrograms/day
  11. Biotin = 30 micrograms/day
  12. Vitamin D = 15 micrograms/day
  13. Cobalamin (B12) = 2.4 micrograms/day
104
Q

By what carrier do fat-soluble vitamins get absorbed?

A

Micelles

105
Q

Where are most vitamins stored?

A

Liver

106
Q

What does vitamin B12 require for absorption?

A

Intrinsic factor

107
Q

What is the vitamin that is best known for imparting a yellow/orange color to urine?

A

Riboflavin

NUT 111AV FINAL (4 decks)

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