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NUT 111AV FINAL > 5. Energy Balance and Body Composition > Flashcards

5. Energy Balance and Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Where and how do endocrine hormones act? Where are they secreted?

A
  • Act systematically
  • Generally slow and long lasting
  • Secreted into the blood stream and circulate throughout the body
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2
Q

Where and how do exocrine hormones act? Where are they secreted?

A
  • Act locally
  • Direct and fast acting
  • Secreted into ducts
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3
Q

List the main anabolic hormones.

A
  • Insulin
  • Growth hormones
  • IGF-1
  • Testosterone and estrogen
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4
Q

List the main catabolic hormones.

A
  • Glucagon
  • Cortisol
  • Adranaline/epinephrine
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5
Q

What does the fate of ingested nutrients depend on?

A
  • Energy state of the body

- Amount and type of nutrient already present and available in the body

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6
Q

What are the major pathways for converting food to energy?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • TCA cycle
  • ETC
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7
Q

Briefly summarize glycolysis.

A

Converts 1 glucose –> 2 pyruvate + high energy molecules

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8
Q

What are the products of the TCA cycle?

A

High-energy molecules and CO2

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9
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

High-energy moleules are used to produce ATP

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10
Q

What organ gets first access to many of the body’s nutrients? What does it do w/ them?

A

Liver

  • takes what it needs for energy
  • converts macronutriends to what the body and brain need according to the signals present
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11
Q

In terms of the energy state of the body, what is a key factor that helps determine the metabolic fate of macronutrients?

A

ATP:ADP ratio

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12
Q

What substrate CAN’T the liver use for fuel? Why not? What happens to this substrate?

A

Ketones

  • Can produce ketones for use as fuel by other tissues
  • Has little ability to enzymatically break down ketones for energy in its own cells
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13
Q

What tissues and organs are most important for maintaining energy homeostasis?

A
  • Liver
  • Muscle
  • Adipose tissue
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14
Q

What type(s) of fuel is used by RBCs?

A

Only glucose

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15
Q

What type(s) of fuel is/are used by the brain?

A
  • Primarily glucose

- Ketones when in a starving state

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16
Q

What type(s) of fuel is/are used by skeletal muscles and the heart?

A

Just about everything

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17
Q

What type(s) of fuel is/are used by adipose tissue?

A

Glucose and fat

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18
Q

What type of metabolites does the Krebs/TCA cycle have inputs and outputs for?

A
  • Monosaccharide metabolites
  • Fatty acid metabolites
  • AA metabolites
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19
Q

What are the 3 primary energy-requiring cellular processes?

A
  • Membrane transport
  • Synthesis of molecules
  • Mechanical work
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20
Q

What makes up an ATP molecule?

A
  • Nucleotide adenosine

- Tail consisting of 3 phosphates

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21
Q

What is the net amount of ATP produced when a glucose molecule is oxidized? Through what process does this occur?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

32-36 net ATP

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22
Q

How much ATP is produced when a 16 carbon fatty acid is oxidized? Through what process does this occur?

A
  • Beta-oxidation

- 131 ATP

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23
Q

Why does beta oxidation produce more ATP than aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Energy is released (ATP is produced) when carbon-hydrogen bonds are broke
Fatty acids have more carbon-hydrogen bonds than glucose

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24
Q

How many beta-oxidation cycles are in a 16 carbon fatty acid? Why?

A

7 b/c 2 usable carbons are left remaining after the 7th beta-oxidation cycle

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25
Q

What are the 2 main energy-producing stages in fatty acid metabolism?

A
  • Beta-oxidation

- Krebs cycle

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26
Q

What are the products of each beta oxidation cycle of a 16 carbon fatty acid?

A
  • 1 NADH

- 1 FADH2

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27
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, what does each acetyl-CoA produce?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • 1 ATP
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28
Q

What are fatty acids NOT easily converted to?

A

Glucose

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29
Q

What substrates can be converted into pyruvate? Which cannot? What are these substrates converted into?

A
  • Proteins, carbs, and glycerol can

- Fat cannot –> converted into Acetyl-CoA

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30
Q

What is the significance of being able to be converted to pyruvate?

A

Can be converted into Acetyl-CoA

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31
Q

Is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA a reversible or irreversible rxn?

A

Irreversible

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32
Q

What are the 2 most important intermediates of metabolism?

A
  • Acetyl Co-A

- Pyruvate

33
Q

What is the “link reaction”? Why was it named this? What enzyme does this rxn usually catalyze?

A
  • Energy-releasing conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A
  • Forms an important link b/t the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the TCA cycle
  • This rxn usually catalyzes the same enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase
34
Q

What processes is acetyl-CoA involved in?

A
  • Forms citrate in TCA cycle
  • Used for energy production
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Fatty acid precursors
35
Q

What are the roles of the liver in metabolism?

A
  • Key processor and distributor of nutrients
  • Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
  • Protein synthesis, catabolism, conversion to other compounds
  • Lipoprotein synthesis
36
Q

How can a liver become damaged? Consequence?

A
  • Fatty liver from a poor diet, hepatitis, too much alcohol, or meds
  • Not be able to perform its metabolic functions properly
37
Q

What is the body’s one main hormone that deals w/ nutrient storage?

A

Insulin

38
Q

Why is excess fat unhealthy?

A
  • When cell and organs get filled w/ fat, they can no longer function properly
  • Too much fat can cause cells to put out inflammatory signals, which increase the risk for certain chronic diseases
  • Excess weight puts stress on joints, causing peeps to be less active
39
Q

What are the stages of the fed-fast cycle? How long does each last?

A
  1. Fed state: first 3 hrs after meal ingestion
  2. Postabsorptive/early fasting state 3-(12-18) hrs after meal
  3. Fasting state 18 hrs - 2 days w/o additional food intake
  4. Starvation/long-term fast: fully adapted to deprivation that can last several weeks
40
Q

How long can you survive without water?

A

3 days

41
Q

How long can you go without food? Depending on what?

A

3-4 weeks depending on how much fat you have stored in your body

42
Q

What happens to metabolism during the fed state?

A

Metabolism is shifted towards anabolism and storage

43
Q

What is the main hormone increased or activated after a meal?

A

Insulin

44
Q

What are the main hormones increased or activated during a fast?

A
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
  • Cortisol
45
Q

What do incretin hormones do? When are they activated?

A
  • Cause an increase in insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion
  • Activated after a meal
46
Q

What are the functions of insulin?

A
  • Stimulates the uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and AAs by muscle and adipose tissue
  • Promotes storage of carbs, lipids, protein by increasing the activity of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of glycogen, lipids, and protein
  • Inhibits expression or activity of enzymes that catalyze the catabolism of glycogen, lipids and proteins
47
Q

What is hyperinsulinemia? Where is it primarily seen? Consequences?

A

-A state of having too much insulin
-Primarily seen in muscle and adipose tissue
-Muscle loses ability to stimulate glucose uptake
adipose tissue no longer inhibits FFAs
-Increased blood glucose and FFA

48
Q

What is the primary tissue for glucose uptake?

A

Skeletal muscle

49
Q

What can help muscles take up glucose in a non-insulin dependent manner?

A

Exercise

50
Q

In a person w/ hyperinsulinemia, what organs retain insulin sensitivity? How?

A
  • Liver and kidney

- Not GLUT4 dependent –> use GLUT 2 transporters to uptake glucose

51
Q

What is the criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A

Patient has at least 3 of the following 5 conditions:

  • Elevated waist circumference
  • Elevated triacylglycerols
  • Reduced HDL
  • Elevated BP
  • Elevated fasting glucose
52
Q

What is the primary treatment for all of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome?

A

Weight loss

53
Q

What is the significance of central adipose?

A

Very metabolically active tissue that puts out a lot of inflammatory molecules

54
Q

What is body mass index? Downfall? Equation?

A

Measure of adiposity, but does not measure body fat

BMI = weight/height^2

55
Q

How is anthropometry used to measure body composition?

A

Calipers used as a tool to measure skin folds

56
Q

What is densitometry? How is it used to measure body composition?

A
  • Underwater weighing

- Equations used to estimate bone density and ratio of lean:fat mass

57
Q

How is the air-displacement (bod pod) method used to measure body composition?

A

Determines body volume

58
Q

How does absorptiometry measure body composition?

A

Uses dual energy X-rays to measure bone density

59
Q

How does computerized tomography measure body composition?

A

Creates images of cross sections of body

60
Q

List the different methods of measuring body composition.

A
  • Anthropometry
  • Densitometry
  • Air-displacement (bod pod)
  • Bioelectrical impedance analysis
  • Absorptiometry
  • Computerized tomography
61
Q

What are the gender references for body composition? What distinguishes males from females?

A
  • Male: less fat, more muscle and bone mass

- Female: more fat, less muscle and bone mass

62
Q

Define energy balance.

A

Energy intake - energy output

63
Q

What defines an energy imbalance?

A

Weight gain or loss

64
Q

What defines energy intake?

A

Sum of energy provided by all the food and beverages consumed and derived from the oxidation/breakdown of carbs, protein, fat, alcohols

65
Q

What defines energy output?

A

Absorption, metabolism, and storage of nutrients in the food we eat and the energy we spend as we sustain life

66
Q

What are calories?

A

Basic unit in nutrition that is used to measure energy in kcals

67
Q

What is a kcal?

A

Amount of heat necesary to increase the temp of 1 g of water 1 °C

68
Q

What is bomb calorimetry? How does it work?

A
  • Method used to measure the energy/calories in food

- 1 g of dried food is combusted and the heat released is measured

69
Q

How much heat does 1 g of carbs release? Protein? Fat? Alcohol?

A
  • Protein, carbs = 4 cal/g
  • Alcohol = 7 cal/g
  • Fat = 9 cal/g
70
Q

What does direct calorimetry measure?

A

Dissipation of heat from the body

71
Q

What does indirect calorimetry measure?

A

Measures consumption of O2 and expiration of CO2

72
Q

List the ways of assessing energy expenditure.

A
  • Direct calorimetry
  • Indirect calorimetry
  • Harris-Benedict Equation
73
Q

What is basal metabolic rate? What % of daily energy output does this account for?

A
  • Amount of calories necessary for homeostasis (energy expenditure for sustaining life)
  • ~60-70% of daily energy output
74
Q

What is the equation for resting energy expenditure? What % of daily energy output does each component account for?

A

BMR + thermic effect of food + activity

  • TEF ~5-10%
  • Activity ~20-30%
75
Q

What is considered a “healthy” BMI range?

A

19-24

76
Q

What does the Harris-Benedict equation estimate?

A

Basal metabolic rate

77
Q

What BMI range is considered underweight?

A
78
Q

What BMI range is considered overweight?

A

25-29.9

79
Q

What BMI range is considered obese?

A

> 30

NUT 111AV FINAL (4 decks)

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