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NUT 111AV FINAL > 7. Minerals > Flashcards

7. Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals? Structural characteristics?

A

Chemical elements that cannot be formed by the body, but are required in the diet

  • inorganic (no carbon)
  • carry a (+) or (-) charge
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2
Q

What do combinations of minerals yield?

A

Salts

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3
Q

How are minerals classified?

A

By amount needed per day

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4
Q

What are the metabolic functions of minerals?

A
  • Enzyme cofactors –> energy production
  • Electrical conductivity –> cell communication
  • Electrolytes –> fluid balance
  • Protein structure –>bone and teeth health
  • Electron carriers –> oxygen transport
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5
Q

List the major minerals

A

Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Cl

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6
Q

List the trace minerals.

A

Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Mo, Se, I

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7
Q

Describe the digestion of minerals.

A

Many minerals in the diet are bound to proteins –> protein digestion in the stomach by HCl and pepsin are necessary to release the minerals from the proteins they’re bound to

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8
Q

What is mineral absorption regulated by?

A

Regulated by proteins in the enterocytes of our small intestines

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9
Q

In what forms are minerals generally transported?

A
  • Free form
  • Complexed w/ other minerals (sulfate, phosphate, citrate)
  • Attached to protein carriers (albumin)
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10
Q

What is the main protein of the human blood plasma?

A

Albumin

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11
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

Binds water, cations (like Ca2+, Na+, and K+), fatty acids, and hormones

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12
Q

What are the common sources of calcium?

A
  • Dairy
  • Seafood w/ bones
  • Some veggies (greens)
  • Fortified foods
  • Supplements
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13
Q

What is the adequate intake of calcium?

A
  • 19-50 years old = 1000 mg/day

- 51+ years old = 1200 mg/day

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14
Q

What are the 2 main process by which calcium is absorbed?

A
  1. Carrier-mediated active transport

2. Paracellular diffusion

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15
Q

What is carrier-mediated active transport? Where does it occur? What is it regulated by?

A
  • Ca2+ transported across cell by carrier
  • Main transport occurs in duodenum and proximal jejunum
  • Saturable
  • Requires energy
  • Regulated by calcitriol (active vitamin D)
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16
Q

What is paracellular diffusion? Where does it occur?

A
  • Ca2+ gets in b/t enterocytes and into circulation
  • Passive
  • Nonsaturable
  • In small intestine, but mostly in jejunum and ileum
  • Requires no carrier
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17
Q

List substances that enhance calcium absorption.

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Sugars and sugar alcohols
  • Protein
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18
Q

List substances that inhibit calcium absorption?

A
  • Fiber
  • Phytic acid
  • Oxalic acid
  • Excessive divalent cations (have same charge)
  • Unabsorbed FAs
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19
Q

When is parathyroid hormone released? Function?

A
  • When blood Ca2+ is low
  • Increase osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca2+ into the blood
  • Increases Ca2+ reabsorption
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20
Q

What substances regulate extracellular calcium concentration?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Calcitriol
  • Calcitonin
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21
Q

How does PTH affect serum calcium and bone calcium?

A
  • Increases serum calcium

- Decreases bone calcium

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22
Q

How does calcitriol affect serum calcium and bone calcium?

A
  • Increases serum calcium

- Not much effect on bone calcium

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23
Q

How does calcitonin affect serum calcium and bone calcium?

A
  • Decreases serum calcium

- Increases bone calcium

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24
Q

Cortical vs. trabecular bone. Significance?

A
  • More metabolically active than cortical bone

- More prone to bone loss

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25
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A
  • Bone mineralization
  • Blood clotting
  • Nerve conduction
  • Muscle contraction
  • Enzyme regulation
  • Membrane permeability
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26
Q

What are the consequences of calcium deficiency?

A
  • Rickets (poor bone mineralization in children) w/ a co-deficiency of vitamin D
  • Increased risk of osteoporosis (poor bone mass in adults)
  • Hypertension, colon cancer, obesity
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27
Q

What are the consequences of calcium toxicity?

A

Kidney stones

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28
Q

What are the common sources of phosphorus?

A
  • Meat, poultry, fish
  • Eggs
  • Dairy
  • Cola type soft drinks
  • Supplements
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29
Q

What is the RDA of phosphorus?

A

700 mg/day

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30
Q

How is phosphorous digested?

A

Hydrolyzed (cleaved from the organic compound it’s bound to) into inorganic phosphate

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31
Q

What are the 2 processes by which phosphorus is absorbed?

A
  • Saturable, carrier-mediated active transport

- Diffusion

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32
Q

What substances enhance phosphorous absorption?

A
  • Calcitriol

- Vitamin D

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33
Q

What substances inhibit phosphorous absorption?

A
  • Phytic acid

- Excessive Mg, Al, Ca

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34
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A
  • Bone mineralization
  • Nucleotide/nucleoside phosphates (structure, energy storage and transfer, intracellular second messenger)
  • Phosphoproteins and phosphorylated forms of vitamins
  • Phospholipids
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35
Q

What substances influence phosphorus balance in the body?

A
  • PTH
  • Calcitriol
  • Calcitonin
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36
Q

What is the significance of the phosphorylation of proteins or vitamins?

A

Will usually activate or inactivate the protein and vitamin –> affects its functional abilities

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37
Q

What are the consequences of phosphorous toxicity?

A

Heavy cola drinkers may be at risk for kidney probs and low bone mineral density

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38
Q

What are the common sources of magnesium?

A
  • Nuts, legumes, whole grains
  • Coffee, tea, cocoa
  • Supplements
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39
Q

What is the RDA of magnesium?

A
  • 19-30 years old = 310-400 mg/day

- 31+ years old = 320 - 420 mg/day

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40
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms by which magnesium is absorbed? At what concentrations does each operate?

A
  • Saturable, carrier-mediated active transport operates w/ low Mg intake
  • Simple diffusion operates w/ higher Mg intakes
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41
Q

What % of Mg is transported in its free form? Bound to protein? Complexed w/ (-) charged ions?

A
  • 50-55% in free form
  • 33% bound to protein
  • 13% complexed w/ (-) charged ions
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42
Q

In what forms is Mg transported?

A
  • Free form
  • Bound to protein (albumin or globulin)
  • Complexed w/ (-) charged ions
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43
Q

What substances enhance Mg absorption?

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Protein
  • Carbs
  • Fructose
  • Oligosaccharides
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44
Q

What substances inhibit Mg absorption?

A
  • Phytic acid
  • Fiber
  • Excessive unabsorbed FAs
45
Q

What are the functions of Mg?

A
  • Bone lattice and surface
  • > 300 enzyme rxns as structural cofactors or allosteric activator
  • Interactions w/ other nutrients
46
Q

What conditions increase risk of Mg deficiency?

A
  • Malabsorptive disorders
  • Excessive alcohol or diuretic use
  • Parathyroid disease
  • Burns
47
Q

What conditions increases the risk of Mg toxicity?

A

Impaired renal function

48
Q

What are the consequences of Mg toxicity?

A

Excessive intake of Mg salts may lead to diarrhea and dehydration

49
Q

What are the common sources of iron?

A
  • Heme iron (meat, fish, poultry)
  • Non-heme iron (nuts, fruits, veggies, grains, tofu)
  • Grain foods fortified w/ iron
  • Supplements
50
Q

What is the RDA of iron for men vs. women?

A
  • Men = 8 mg/day

- Women = 8-18 mg/day

51
Q

Why do premenopausal women need more iron than postmenopausal women?

A

Iron is lost when blood is lost –> need twice as much iron

52
Q

How is heme iron digested?

A

Hydrolyzed from hemoglobin/myoglobin in stomach and small intestine

53
Q

How is heme iron absorbed?

A
  • Absorbed intact by heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1)

- Hydrolyzed to inorganic ferrous iron and protoporphyrin to be stored

54
Q

How is non-heme iron digested and absorbed?

A
  • Hydrolyzed in the GI tract by gastric secretions
  • Ferric (Fe3+) reduced to ferrous (Fe2+) iron, which remains fairly soluble
  • Ferrous iron passes into small intestine via DMT1
55
Q

What is the main transporter of ferrous iron?

A

Divalent cation metal transporter 1 (DMT1)

56
Q

What affects the synthesis of DMT1?

A

Iron status: more iron in system –> less transporter you make (and vice versa)

57
Q

What is the effect of hephaestin on iron?

A

When Fe2+ comes into contact w/ it, it it oxidized back to Fe3+

58
Q

What is the primary storage form of iron in the cells?

A

Ferritin

59
Q

In what form is iron stored and transported?

A

In the less active ferric (Fe3+) form

60
Q

What is the transport form of iron?

A

Transferin-Fe3+

61
Q

What substances enhance Fe absorption?

A
  • Acids (ascorbic, citric, lactic, tartaric)

- Meat, poultry, fish

62
Q

What substances inhibit Fe absorption?

A
  • Oxalic acid
  • Phytates
  • Polyphenols
  • Ca
  • Zn
  • Mn
63
Q

What are the characteristics of free Fe2+?

A
  • Very reactive

- Can generate harmful free radicals?

64
Q

How much iron bound to transferrin is there in circulation at any given time?

A

4mg

65
Q

In what forms is iron stored?

A

Storage proteins (ferritin, homosiderin)

66
Q

Where are the iron storage sites?

A
  • Liver
  • Bone marrow
  • Spleen
67
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A
  • Hemoglobin and myoglobin
  • Cytochromes and other enzymes involved in e- transport
  • Monooxygenases and dioxygenases
  • Peroxidases
  • Oxidoreductases
  • Pro-oxidant
68
Q

What individuals are more vulnerable to iron deficiency?

A
  • Infants, young children, adolescents
  • Menstruating females
  • Pregnant women
69
Q

What are the consequences of iron deficiency?

A

W/ or w/o anemia –> not able to carry oxygen properly in blood

70
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A
  • Chronic iron overload
  • Genetic disorder
  • Body cannot accurately sense iron stores and down-regulate intestinal absorption
71
Q

What are the common sources of zinc?

A
  • Red meats, seafood, poultry, pork
  • Dairy
  • Whole grains
  • Veggies
  • Supplements
72
Q

What is the RDA of zinc for men vs. women?

A
  • Men = 11 mg

- Women = 8 mg

73
Q

How is zinc digested?

A

Hydrolyzed from amino/nucleic acids in stomach and small intestine?

74
Q

What are the mechanisms by which zinc is absorbed?

A
  • Carrier mediated active transport

- Passive diffusion and paracellular absorption w/ high intake

75
Q

How is zinc transported?

A

Bound loosely to albumin in the blood

76
Q

What transports zinc into the cell? (facilitates absorption)

A

ZIP4

77
Q

What can zinc be bound to?

A
  • Albumin
  • Alpha-2 macroglobulin
  • Immunoglobulin G
  • Transferrin
78
Q

What enhances zinc absorption?

A
  • Ligands (citric acid, AAs)

- Acidic environment

79
Q

What substances inhibit zinc absorption?

A
  • Phytate
  • Oxylate
  • Polyphenols
  • Folate
  • Fe
  • Ca
80
Q

Where is zinc stored?

A

All organs, especially the liver, kidneys, skin, bones

81
Q

In what forms is zinc stored?

A

Zn containing metalloproteins and liver metalloproteins

82
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A
  • Interacts w/ proteins, enzymes, AAs, and peptides
  • Regulation of transcription
  • Bone formation
  • Cell replication
  • Skin integrity
  • Immune health
  • Carb metabolism
83
Q

What are zinc fingers? What gives it this name? Location? Function?

A
  • Proteins w/ a secondary structure or shape like a finger due, in part, to the presence of a Zn atom linked through cysteinyl or histidyl residues in the protein
  • Found w/in many transcription factors, which bind to metal response/regulatory elements in the promoter regions of genes to enhance/inhibit transcription
84
Q

What conditions increase the risk of Zn deficiency?

A
  • Elderly
  • Children of low income
  • Vegetarians
  • Alcoholics
  • Trauma
  • Sickle cell anemia
  • Malabsorption
85
Q

What are the common sources of copper?

A
  • Organ meats
  • Shellfish
  • Nuts, seeds, legumes, dried fruits
86
Q

What is the RDA for copper?

A

900 micrograms

87
Q

How is copper digested?

A
  • Bound to organic components in food
  • Released in stomach, small intestine gastric HCl and pepsin
  • Proteolytic enzymes in small intestine hydrolyze proteins further
88
Q

How is copper absorbed? Where? Mechanisms?

A
  • Small amount in stomach (low pH)

- Small intestine (active carrier-mediated transport, passive diffusion)

89
Q

What substances enhance copper absorption?

A
  • AAs

- Organic acids

90
Q

What substances inhibit copper absorption?

A
  • Phytate
  • Zn
  • Fe
  • Excessive antacid ingestion (high pH)
91
Q

How is copper transported in the blood? (what is it bound to?)

A

Bound loosely to albumin or transcuprein or AAs

92
Q

How is copper transported in the liver? (what is it bound to?)

A

Bound to ceruloplasmin for transport

93
Q

Where is copper stored?

A
  • Liver
  • Brain
  • Kidneys
  • Skeleton
94
Q

What organ controls copper homeostasis?

A

Liver

95
Q

What is copper bound to for storage?

A
  • AAs
  • Proteins
  • Metallothionein
96
Q

What are the functions of copper?

A
  • Ceruloplasmin (iron oxidation and antioxidant)
  • Superoxide dismutase (antioxidant)
  • Cytochrome c oxidase (ATP production)
97
Q

What are the consequences of copper deficiency?

A
  • Kidney issues (nephrosis)
  • GI malabsorption
  • Impairment of certain antioxidant and energy production enzymes
98
Q

What is the consequence of copper toxicity?

A

Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder)

99
Q

What are the classifications of minerals? Amounts?

A
  • Major minerals: > 100 mg/day

- Trace minerals:

100
Q

How does the body respond to low calcium levels in the blood?

A

PTH will be released from the parathyroid gland and help break down bone for its calcium

101
Q

Phosphorus is a component of what substances/molecules?

A

LOOK AT QUIZ

102
Q

What is hemoglobin? What does it bind? Transport?

A

A protein in RBCs that can bind iron, and is used to transport oxygen

103
Q

Absorption of heme vs. non-heme iron.

A
  • Heme iron is absorbed into enterocytes through HCP1

- Non-heme iron is absorbed through DMT1

104
Q

How does vitamin D interact w/ diff minerals?

A

Enhances absorption of Ca, P, Mg

105
Q

List the main inhibitors of minerals.

A
  • Phytates
  • Oxalates
  • Polyphenols
106
Q

Which of the minerals do we need the most?

A

Calcium (1000 mg/day)

107
Q

List the minerals in order of highest to lowest RDA.

A
  1. Calcium = 1000 mg/day
  2. Phosphorus = 700 mg/day
  3. Magnesium = 310-420 mg/day
  4. Iron = 8-18 mg/day
  5. zinc = 8-11 mg/day
  6. Copper = 900 micrograms/day
108
Q

What is the main transporter of minerals?

A

Albumin

NUT 111AV FINAL (4 decks)

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