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PYB309 - Individual differences and assessment > 8. Types, Traits and Interactionism > Flashcards

8. Types, Traits and Interactionism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the themes of the dispositional approach?

A
  • Continuity in thoughts, feelings, behaviors
  • Focus on individual differences rather than intrapersonal processes
  • Differing approaches of theorist
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2
Q

What are the two different approaches of theorists in the dispositional approach

A

o Identification, classification and measurement of traits and types
o Identification and understanding of differences in needs that underlie behaviour

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of humours proposed by Hippocrates 2400 years ago?

A

Choleric, Melancholic, Sanguine and Phlegmatic

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4
Q

What is the character of a person with an Endomorph body type in Sheldon’s Body Shape Theory?

A

relaxed, sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful

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5
Q

What is the shape of an Endomorph body type in Sheldon’s Body Shape Theory?

A

Pulm, buxom, developed visceral structure

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6
Q

What is the character of a person with an Mesomorph body type in Sheldon’s Body Shape Theory?

A

Active, assertive, vigorous, cobative

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7
Q

What is the shape of an Mesomorph body type in Sheldon’s Body Shape Theory?

A

Muscular

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8
Q

What is the character of a person with an Ectomorph (cerebrotonic) body type in Sheldon’s Body Shape Theory?

A

Quiet, fragile, restrained, non-assertive, sensitive

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9
Q

What is the shape of an Ectomorph body type in Sheldon’s Body Shape Theory?

A

lean, delicate, poor muslces

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10
Q

Who was Meyer Friedman?

A

An Americal Cardiologist

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11
Q

What did Meyer Friedman hypothesise?

A

Hypothesized that his patients were driven, impatient people, who sat on the edge of their seats when waiting.

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12
Q

What was Meyer Friedman’s Type A personality?

A

workaholics, always busy, driven, somewhat impatient, and so on.

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13
Q

What was Meyer Friedman’s Type B personality?

A

laid back and easy going

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14
Q

How are types changed across the lifespan?

A

They dont, they are Categorical, distinct & stable across the life span

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15
Q

What do Types suggest about individuals?

A

Individual is either an introvert OR an extravert; melancholic OR sanguine

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16
Q

What are variations in types considered?

A

Variations are considered perceptual distortions rather than reflections of basic personality

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17
Q

What is the description of types?

A

– Discontinuous categories
– Represent qualitative differences in people
– Labeling convenience
– Used commonly in organisations (e.g., team building, communication workshops)
– Often viewed as biologically or genetically based

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18
Q

What is the description of traits?

A

– Continuous dimensions (e.g. sociability, aggressiveness)
– Represent quantitative differences in people
– Individual differences reflect differences in amount of a trait
– Constellation of traits scores create unique profile of a person

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19
Q

What is the Nomothetic view of traits?

A

o Sees traits as universal
o Comparison among individuals is possible
o Individuality reflected in unique combinations of traits

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20
Q

Where does the Nomothetic view of traits come from?

A

From the Greek meaning ‘proposition of the law’

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21
Q

What is the idiographic view of traits?

A

o Sees traits as idiosyncratic, not universal
o Not all traits are shared
o Traits may differ in connotation and importance among people
o Comparisons may be not be possible

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22
Q

Which is the dominant perspective of traits in psychology>

A

Nomothetic

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23
Q

What are the key issues with traits?

A
  • How many basic traits are there?
  • Which ones are they?
  • Essentially, how to define and organize the many ways we describe personality?
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24
Q

What is the theoretical approach to deciding the nature of personality?

A

Researcher has an idea of what they seek to measure derived from literature, research, observations etc

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25
Q

What is the Empirical approach to deciding the nature of personality?

A

primarily derived from factor analysis

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26
Q

Why is Hans Eysenck?

A

a treat theorist

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27
Q

What was Hans Eysenck approach to studying personality?

A

Approach was emanated from theory

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28
Q

What did Eysenck propose to underlie dimensions of personality?

A

supertraits

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29
Q

What are the Supertraits proposed by Eysenck?

A

Extraversion, Neuroticism, & (later) Psychoticism.

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30
Q

What are the dispositions that feed into Eysenck supertraits called?

A

Component traits

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31
Q

How did Eysenck refine his approach?

A

Eysenck used factor analysis to refine rather than define his approach.

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32
Q

How did Eysenck start his thories?

A

Eysenck started with personality descriced in ancient scripts (e.g. Hippocrates)

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33
Q

What theoretical approach did Wiggens, Phillips, & Trapnell, 1989 adopt?

A

Interpersonal Circle

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34
Q

What does the interpersonal Circle theory assume?

A

Assumes that core traits derive from those that concern interpersonal functioning

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35
Q

what are the two core traits in the interpersonal circle theory

A
  • Dominance (Dominant Submissive)

* Love (Cold-hearted Warm-agreeable

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36
Q

Where does the individual difference arise from in the interpersonal circle approach?

A

combinations of the two dimensions (dominance and love)

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37
Q

What approach did Gordon Alport take?

A

a theoretical/research basis for approach

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38
Q

What was Gordon Alport first to do?

A

First to extensively examine classification system

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39
Q

What were the classifications of traits proposed by Gordon Alport?

A
  • Secondary traits; many of them, least important
  • Central traits; are the 5-10 traits that best describe personality
  • Cardinal traits; some individuals are dominated by a single all-important trait.
  • Functional Autonomy; behaviour that is acquired for one set of motives to be satisfied that are later used to satisfy another motive
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40
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

Statistical technique for reducing large numbers of intercorrelations into basic underlying dimensions

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41
Q

How do factor analyses indicate underlying traits?

A

Patterns of commonality (covariance) between descriptors indicate underlying traits

42
Q

What can results of factor analysis sed light on?

A

Results of factor analysis can shed light on the structure of personality

43
Q

What is the caveat of factor analysis?

A

What you get out of a factor analysis depends on what you put in

44
Q

What is Factor analysis a tool for?

A

FA is a tool used to make sense of these personality descriptions.

45
Q

What is the process of factor analysis?

A
  • Based on correlation, FA looks at how all items entered into an equation covary (to what extent all pairs of variables relate to each other).
  • Next, a factor extraction of the correlation matrix essentially sorts out and groups variables based on patterns of covariation.
  • The factors that emerge are then labeled.
46
Q

Who demonstrated how to decide the nature of personality based on an empirical approach?

A

Raymond Cattell

47
Q

How did Cattell apply the empirical approach to decide the nature of personality?

A

o Started with 4500 words (already reduced by Allport & Odbert 1936)
o He applied a Lexical Criteria: notion that important qualities will have more adjectives to describe them than less important ones.
o Factor analyzed 171 trait names
o Resulted in 16 primary factors of personality such as relaxed vs tense and trusting vs vigilent

48
Q

What did Robert R McCraw develop and Paul Costa develop?

A

The big 5 personalities

49
Q

Why is there disagreements about the exact nature of the 5 traits?

A
  • Factor analysis is used to identify factors
  • Labeling of factors is subjective
  • Results depend heavily on the items you start with
50
Q

What are the characteristics of neuroticism?

A 
anxiety
hostility
depression
self-consciousness
impulsivity
vulnerability
51
Q

What are the characteristics of extraversion?

A 
warmth
gregarious
assertive
activity
excitement seeking
positive emotion
52
Q

What are the characteristics of openness?

A 
Fantasy
Aesthetics
feelings
actions
ideas
values
53
Q

What are the characteristics of agreeableness?

A 
trust
straight-forwardness
altruism
Compliance
modesty
tender-minded
54
Q

What are the characteristics of conscientiousness?

A 
Competence
order
dutiful
achievement striving
self-discipline
deliberation
55
Q

What are other labels for extraversion?

A

Social adaptability; Assertiveness; Surgency

56
Q

What is extraversion reflected through?

A

behavioral and affective channels

57
Q

What is the life domain for extraversion?

A

power

58
Q

What are other labels for agreeableness?

A

:Conformity; friendly compliance; likeability

59
Q

What is the relevant life domain for agreeableness?

A

love

60
Q

What is agreeableness reflected through?

A

behavioral, affective, and cognitive channels

61
Q

What are other labels of conscientiousness?

A

Responsibility; will to achieve

62
Q

What is the relevant life domain for conscientiousness?

A

Work

63
Q

What is conscientiousness reflected mostly through?

A

cognitive channels

64
Q

What are other labels of neuroticism?

A

Emotional control; emotional lability

65
Q

What is the relevant life domain for neuroticism?

A

Affect

66
Q

What is neuroticism reflected through

A

affective channels

67
Q

What are other labels of openess to experience?

A

Culture; inquiring intellect; intelligence

68
Q

What is the relevant life domain for openness to experience?

A

Intellect

69
Q

What is openness to experience reflected mostly through?

A

Reflected mostly through cognitive channels with some affect and behaviours input

70
Q

Which of the big 5 has the least consensus about meaning?

A

openness to experience

71
Q

What are other considerations of the big five?

A

• Are all traits included?
o What about evaluative words (e.g., good, bad, excellent, evil)
o Including these words may create 2 more factors (positive and negative valence)
• What is the best level of specificity?
o Perhaps 2 higher-order factors (socialization from N, A, & C and personal growth from E & O)
o Lower-order facets are more predictive of many socially significant behaviors
o Dimensions beyond the big 5 (Saucier & Goldberg, 1998, Paunonen & Jackson, 2000 etc)

72
Q

Why do some people say that behaviour is not trait like?

A

o Behaviour across contexts tends to vary
o Low association between trait self-reports and behavior
o Walter Mischel’s personality coefficient (r ≈ .30)

73
Q

Why are there low correlations between behaviour and traits?

A

o Faulty trait self-reports of personality

o Faulty measurement of behaviour

74
Q

Why was there faulty measurement of behaviour when determining a correlation between traits and behaviours?

A

As many items test a trait but behaviour usually only has 1 measure, correlations will be low so Aggregation of behavior (measure behaviour more than once and combine data) is a solution; Epstein, 1979)

75
Q

What was a major attack on the trait theory?

A

Situationism

76
Q

What was the assumption of situationism?

A
  • Situations really drives behavior

* Differences in personality are irrelevant

77
Q

What is the weakness of situationism?

A

Data doest support it.

78
Q

What was another attach on the trait theory?

A

Interactionism

79
Q

What was the assumption of interactionism?

A

Differences in personality and situations interact to cause behaviour

80
Q

What view of behaviour does interactionism suggest?

A

Analysis of Variance

e.g. Effect of personality on behaviour “depends on” strong vs. weak situations

81
Q

What are the individual differences in consistency?

A

that people vary in strength of dispositions and people vary in consistency of specific traits

82
Q

What did the Bem & Allen study about people varying in consistency of specific traits show?

A

Association between a personality trait and behaviour is higher in people who see themselves as being consistent on the trait

83
Q

Why do people vary in strength of dispositions

A

Due to self-monitoring

84
Q

How do high and low self-monitors differ?

A
  • High self-monitors get situational cues from environment

* Low self-monitors don’t monitor situational cues

85
Q

How does personalities influence situations?

A
  • Personality influences the situations people choose to enter (e.g., church, scuba diving, work, even marriage partners)
  • People evoke different responses from others
86
Q

what is the result of personalities influencing situations?

A

Personality can influence situations such that the situation is actually different

87
Q

When is personality coefficient someone higher?

A

When analysis is restricted to examination of carefully conducted studies

88
Q

What is the size of correlated limited by?

A

Size of correlation is limited by the fact that behaviour is multiply-determined

89
Q

What is the newer view of traits?

A

Personality is linked to behaviour only when in a situation that brings it out. Patterns of linkages between situations and actions vary among people

90
Q

What do patterns of linkages in the newer view of traits represent?

A

represent individuality, uniqueness and differences represent idiographic differences in trait expression

91
Q

What does assessment of personality represent?

A

Represents an important focus of the trait perspective.

92
Q

What is the common nature personality assessment?

A

self-report

93
Q

What are personality assessments often used to create?

A

personality profiles

94
Q

What potential problems are there in investigating and/or finding cultural differences in personality?

A

o Ethics: problem not in the facts but in what some people may do with that e.g., discrimination, oppression and even genocide
o Conceptual problems: individual characterisations versus cultural characterisations
o Empirically: ethnocentric & xenophobic bias

95
Q

Is the five factor model universally applicable?

A
  • 50 cultures; college/university students
  • Observer ratings – no self-report bias
  • Rated adults or students (2 groups) they know well on the NEO-PI-R
  • FA supported structure on most cultures (replicated or at least recognition)
96
Q

In the Mid 19th century what did Adolf Bastian propose and idea of?

A

proposed the idea of the “psychic unity of mankind” - thought all humans were a single species & must therefore share all basic cognitive and psychological characteristics.

97
Q

What are more recent anthropologists unwilling to do?

A

More recent anthropologists unwilling to root psychology so deeply in biology & argue culture shapes psychology.

98
Q

What has supported Bastian’s hypothesis of psychic unity?

A

Data from McCrae’s FFM paper largely confirms recent findings of universality in trait psychology in a new sample of cultures using a different method of measurement, give strong support to Bastian’s hypothesis of psychic unity, and could be interpreted as evidence of the biological basis of personality traits.

99
Q

What does McCrae’s FFM paper provide evidence for?

A

Paper provided cross-cultural evidence of gender differences in person perception, showing that women are more positive than men in their assessments of others, especially other women.

100
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of the trait approach to personality?

A
  • Biological evidence for personality dimensions
  • Empirical evidence (FA), lexical criteria
  • Ease of measurement & parsimonious & thus comparisons between individuals can be made
  • Shortcut for information
  • Cultural universality?
  • Subtleties may be lost
  • Doesn’t attempt to explain causality
  • Personality profiling (good or bad?)

PYB309 - Individual differences and assessment (12 decks)

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