13. Some other individual differences Flashcards
What is called a typical intersex combination?
XXY (Klinefelter syndrome)
What are the Klinefelter variants?
XXXY, XXXXY and XYY
What does it mean when you are born with a chromosome missing?
you have 22 sets of autosomes and an XO combination of sex chromosomes where the O indicates a sex chromosome (originally either an X or Y) has been lost
When you are born with a missing chromosome, what does is the syndrome called?
Turner Syndrome
When did psychological research stop having a bias with male traits?
with the rise of feminism in the 1960s
What is the current value of female attributes?
Currently female attributes are being valued in a way that they havent been before but are still not valued equally
What is feminism as simply put?
a feminist believes all sexes to be equal
how much more to males earn full time than females?
18.2% more
between November 2013 and May 2014, how much did mens salaries increase compared to women’s?
men’s salaries increased an average $24.90 per week and women’s increased only $7.09.
Where is the highest gender pay gap and what is that gap?
It is in health care and social assistance sectors at 30.7%
which gender tends to over-estimate their ability?
Both
What is the size of correlations between perceived intelligence and actual intelligence?
small about .2
What does evidence suggest that personality is related to?
self-estimation accuracy e.g., agreeableness and neuroticism both negatively related to self-estimated intelligence albeit weakly but not to actual intelligence
What do some studies suggest that O is positively correlated with?
Intelligence - crystallised but not fluid
Which gender tends to over-estimate their abilities more and what does this impose?
men, but that is aggregated (i.e. domains differ) and therefore women are suggested to be more accurate in estimating their intelligence than men
What did De Bolle et al (2015) study?
sex differences in personality of adolescents in 23 cultures
What did De Bolle et al (2015) discover with their studies?
- Girls scored higher on all 5 of the NEO dimensions than boys - particularly in openness and conscientiousness
- Some differences in facets e. g., boys higher in excitement seeking and ideas
- No differences in impulsivity, values, compliance etc
- Girls show sex-type differences earlier than boys
- Age & sex interaction for N with girls higher but both sexes had lower N with increased age
- No differences in these patterns across cultures
What did Zweigenhaft (2008) do with regards to music dimensions and personality?
he compared 4 genres of music with the 30 facets of the FFM and then specific music ‘types’ and compared grades and preference for a particular type of music
What were the music genres in Zweigenhaft (2008) study?
reflective & complex genre
intense & rebellious genre
upbeat & conventional genre
energetic & rhythmic genre
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and blues music?
O (.30)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and jazz music?
vulnerability (-ve.22), assertiveness (.32), esthetics (.32)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and classical music?
no significant relationship
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and folk music/
most strongly with O (.40) & all its facets, angry hostility
(-.25), trust (.23)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and alternative music?
O facet of values (.26)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and heavy metal music?
Angry hostility (-.23), order (-.22), achievement striving (-.22)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and rock music?
no significant facet relationship
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and country music?
values (.22)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and pop music?
Esthetics (-.28), ideas(-.30), values(-.25)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and religious music?
Impulsiveness (-.23), feelings (-.27), values (-.54). Overall O (-.36)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and soundtracks?
Esthetics (-.23), modesty (.28) overall A (.26)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and electronic music?
no significant facet relationship
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and rap/hip-hop?
Impulsiveness (.22), E (.28), O (.38), self-discipline (-.24)
in Zweigenhaft (2008) study what was the relationship between personality and soul/funk music?
Warmth (.22), esthetics (.22), actions (.22), altruism (.22)
What did Zweigenhaft (2008) find when he compared grades and music preference?
found no significant relationship but trends for higher grades related to rock and punk and lower grades with country and rap/hip-hop
Who displayed higher scores than men in empathy?
women
What is the oldest major religion?
Hinduism
What is a belief in Brahman considered?
the unifying aspect of hinduism
In Hinduism, what does ignorance of true nature of self as being one with Brahman cause?
it traps you in a cycle of death and reincarnation
what is the highest goal in Hinduism?
liberation from the karmic cycle of birth and death
What does Hinduism believe a way of life encompasses?
family, social life, politics, business, art and health behavious
what is a well-known aspect of Hinduism?
Yoga and family life is also sacred
What is Judaism?
Judaism, an ancient (2000BC) and highly specified religion that regards its followers as chosen especially by G-d, places little emphasis on the afterlife, focusing instead on human actions and their effect on mortal life.
What do followers of Judaism do?
Jews are descendents of the Israelites who follow the laws set down in the Torah which is the word of G-d passed down through Moses
What is the central tenet of Judaism?
One all power G-d
Who is Saddhattha Gautama Buddha?
Born in 563 B.C. at Kapilavastu, on the border of Nepal.
What was Buddha known as in 563 BC?
Then known as Siddhartha, son of the King of the Sakyas, Suddhodana & Queen Maya.
Where did Buddha life and who did he marry?
Siddhartha Buddha lived in the protected splendour of the palace; at 16 was married to Princess Yasodhara (who later became his disciple and was known as the Lady of the Lotus).
What was Buddha’s son’s name?
Rahula
What does Buddha mean?
Enlightened One or Awakened One
What does Buddhism believe that everyone’s basic wish is?
to be happy and avoid suffering
How does Buddhism believe one should respond to difficult situations?
Respond to difficult situations with a positive or peaceful mind they would not be problems for us; indeed we may even come to regard them as challenges or opportunities for growth and development.
What does Buddhism hold?
a strong ethical code that encourages generosity and refraining from killing living beings, stealing, sexual immorality, lying, and taking intoxicants
What is the world’s largest religion?
christianity
What is christianity based on?
teaching of Jesus of Nazareth. Son of God rather than a prophet who was prophesized about in the old testament
Where did Islam originate?
Arabia and followed by an estimated 900 million people in the contemporary world (2nd largest next to Christianity)
what do muslims firmly believe?
Muslims firmly follow the belief that their actions during physical life (ajal musamma) are indicative of their fate in the after life
What does islam mean?
submission, as in total surrender of oneself to God
What do muslims believe god revealed?
the Qur’an to Muhammad who was a profit as was Moses, Abraham & Jesus
What do religions all have in common?
A system of belief by which to make sense of the world
While the beliefs of the Hindu, Islamic, Buddhist, Christian and Jewish faiths regarding moral life, destiny and the afterlife vary drastically, a common theme in each is the reward granted after death for appropriate behaviour during physical life.
According to Swami et al (2011), in britain, what did a stronger belief in conspiracy theories significantly relate to?
higher political cynicism, greater support for democratic principles, more negative attitudes to authority, lower self-esteem, and lower Agreeableness
According to Swami et al (2011), in Austria what was a fictitious conspiracy theory significantly associated with?
stronger belief in paranormal beliefs, and lower crystallized intelligence
According to Kenny (2013), in 1999, what was australia ranked 15th in>
in world league tables for women’s representation in the lower house of its national parliament; in 2014 we ranked 45th
what is the main obstacle to the equal political representation of women according to Kenny (2013)?
The selection process within the major political parties is the main obstacle to the equal political representation of women
who do women vote more for?
for labor & Greens than for liberals or other conservative parties here and OS
What is it not an advantage to have female candidates for in an election?
to attract female voters
What did Hatei & McDermott (2012) suggest was proposed in the 1970s?
genetics influenced politics as well as environment
what did Hatei & McDermott (2012) do?
Conducted large review of evidence over 40 years of research using twin and adopted populations to control for relative influences.
