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PYB309 - Individual differences and assessment > 5. Intelligence > Flashcards

5. Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What is the genetic overlap in IQ between siblings that are reared together?

A

50% with a mean correlation of 0.45

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2
Q

What is the genetic overlap in IQ between sibligns that are reared apart?

A

50% with a mean correlation of 0.35

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3
Q

What is the genetic overlap in IQ between biological child and parent who lived together?

A

50% with a mean correlation of 0.41

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4
Q

What is the genetic overlap in IQ between biological child and parent lived apart?

A

50% with a mean correlation 0.22

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5
Q

What is the genetic overlap in IQ between adoptive child & parent lived together

A

0% with a mean correlation of 0.22

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6
Q

What is the genetic overlap in IQ between adoptive sibnlings eared together?

A

0% with a mean correlation of 0.31

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7
Q

What is the genetic overlap in IQ between cousins reared apart?

A

12.5% with a mean correlation of a 0.18

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8
Q

What is the mean correlation of genetic overlap in IQ between Identical twins, reared together?

A

0.86

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9
Q

What is the mean correlation of genetic overlap in IQ between Identical twins reared apart?

A

0.71

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10
Q

What is the mean correlation of genetic overlap in IQ between Fraternal twins reared together?

A

0.6

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11
Q

Who was Alfred Binet hired by?

A

Hired by French Government to devise test to identify children with special education needs.

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12
Q

What were Alfren Binet’s goals?

A

o To find & maintain a definite direction or purpose
o To make necessary adaptations to achieve the direction or purpose
o To engage in self-criticism so that adjustments in strategies can be made

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13
Q

What was Alfred Binet’s overall aim?

A

he aimed to test reasoning, judgment and attention.

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14
Q

What is the criteria for selecting an item for an IQ test?

A
  • Item has to relate to ‘common sense’.
  • Item has to be part of daily life.
  • Item must separate dull from bright children.
  • Item must be practical and easy to administer
  • In developing his tests he used trial and error and hypothesis testing
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15
Q

When was the first Binet-Simons test of intelligence established?

A

1905

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16
Q

what did the first Binet-Simons test of intelligence look for?

A

Tasks that could be achieved by 66.67-75% of children of a particular age

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17
Q

How many items were in the first Binet-Simons test of intelligence?

A

30

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18
Q

How are the items in the first Binet-Simons test of intelligence arranged?

A

ascending in difficulty level

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19
Q

What are the 30 items in the first Binet-Simons test of intelligence?

A
  1. Le Regard – follows moving object
  2. Can grasp small object that is touched
  3. Can grasp small object that is seen
  4. Recognition of Food (chocolate vs wood)
  5. Quest of Food Complicated by a Slight Mechanical Difficulty
  6. Execution of Simple Commands and Imitation of Simple Gestures
  7. Verbal Knowledge of Objects
  8. Verbal Knowledge of Pictures
  9. Naming of Designated Objects
  10. Immediate Comparison of Two Lines of Unequal Lengths
  11. Repetition of Three Figures
  12. Comparison of Two Weights
  13. Suggestibility
  14. Verbal Definition of Known Objects
  15. Repetition of Sentences of 15 Words
  16. Tells how 2 known objects are different
  17. Memory of 13 pictures (30 secs)
  18. Drawing a design from memory (10secs)
  19. Immediate repetition of longer set of figures
  20. Tells how 2 common objects are alike
  21. Comparison of Lengths
  22. Five Weights to be Placed in Order
  23. Gap in Weights
  24. Produces rhyming words
  25. Verbal Gaps to be Filled
  26. Puts 3 nouns in a sentence
  27. Reply to an abstract question
  28. Reverses the hands of a clock
  29. Paper Cutting
  30. Definitions of Abstract Terms
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20
Q

What are the three levels of intellectual disability?

A

Idiot, Imbecile, Moron

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21
Q

What is level of intellectual disability is an idiot?

A

It is the most severe form of intellectual disability

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22
Q

What is the level of intellectual disability of an imbecile?

A

moderate form

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23
Q

What is the level of intellectual disability of a moron?

A

Mildest form

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24
Q

What is the upper limit in the first Binnet-Simmons intelligence test for idiots?

A

item 6 for adults - this involved the following of simple directions and imitate gestures

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25
Q

What is the upper limit in the first Binnet-Simmons intelligence test for Imbeciles?

A

Item 16 - stating differences between 2 common objects

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26
Q

what were the issues with the 3 levels of intellectual disability devised by the first Binnet-Simons intelligence test?

A
  • Little evidence of validity
  • Normed with only 50 children based on average school performance
  • Idiot, Moron etc hardly adequate classification system
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27
Q

when was the second binet-simon intelligence test established?

A

1908

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28
Q

Who were the subjects of Binet-simons 1908 intelligence test?

A

203 school children

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29
Q

How does the 1908 Binet-simons intelligence test differ from the 1905 version?

A

Simplest items were dropped and more difficult items were added leading to a total of 58 items. Furthermore, it was an age scale rather than increasing difficulty

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30
Q

what are some sample items of the Binet/Simon 1908 intelligence test?

A 
•	Year 5 - Can
o	Compare 2 boxes of different weight.
o	Copy a square.
o	Repeat a sentence of ten syllables
o	Count 4 sous
o	Put together two pieces in a game of patience
•	Year 8 - Can
o	Read selection and retain two memories.
o	Count 9 sous (3 single, 3 double).
o	Name four colours.
o	Count backwards from 20.
o	Compare 2 objects from memory
o	Write from dictation.
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31
Q

How does one calculate mental age, according the binet-simons 1908 intelligence test?

A

e.g. C.A.5 years
o pass 5 tests at 5 year old level so basal mental age = 5
o pass 2 tests at 6 year old level so mental age =
• basal (Basic) mental age (5) + 2/5 = 5.4 years.
e.g. C.A. 5 years
o passes 0 tests at 5 year level
o passes 5 tests at 3 year level
o passes 1 test at year 4 level
o mental age = 3.2 years

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32
Q

What did Charles Spearman develop?

A

the correlation procedure, from correlations created another more complicated procedure called factor analysis

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33
Q

what does Spearman’s factor analysis allow us to do?

A

Allows us to recognise which variables ‘clump’ together, and which theoretically have some underlying common cause

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34
Q

Why did Spearman employ factor analysis?

A

to investigate to investigate the structure of intelligence, using new tests that were emerging at the time. He correlated people’s scores on many different intellectual tasks, and found that they all correlated to some extent

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35
Q

What did Spearman assume from the inter-correlations he found using factor analysis?

A

He assumed that all the tasks measured some underlying general trait, which he called g, for general intelligence

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36
Q

What is Spearman’s 2 factor theory?

A

It is correlation and factor analysis of different intellectual tasks.

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37
Q

What does it mean when all tasks are intercorrelated in Spearman’s 2 factor theory>

A

There is an underlying g (or general intelligence)

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38
Q

what does it mean when some groups of tasks are intercorrelated more strongly in Spearman’s 2 factor theory?

A

underlying s (or specific ability)

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39
Q

what is the g factor in Spearman’s 2 factor theory?

A

General ability for complex mental work

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40
Q

What is the s factors in Spearman’s 2 factor theory?

A

series of specific abilities such as math and verbal skills

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41
Q

What did Spearman conclude that intelligent behaviour must involve?

A

involves both general and specific abilities

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42
Q

What did the 2-factor theory of intelligence allow?

A

allowed for a person to be outstanding at one type of test and average at another

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43
Q

What were the issues of Binet-Simon’s 1908 intelligence test?

A

Binet’s test involved different tasks but…
o specific factors averaged out
o account for a small proportion of measured intelligence
o Binet’s test predominantly a measure of g.

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44
Q

What did tests following Binet-Simons 1908 test maximise in?

A

maximised the amount of g in their tests

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45
Q

What did Louis Terman do in 1916?

A

He revised Binet and called it the Stanford-Binet

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46
Q

How did Terman change the 1908 Binet-Simons test of Intelligence?

A

Revised items that didnt perform as expected and normed the test on many more people, however the people were all white children native to california. He added adult items and introduced the use of the Intelligence Quotient

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47
Q

what is the Stern/Terman’s IQ equation?

A

I.Q. = (Mental Age/Chronological age) x 100

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48
Q

What does Stern/Terman’s IQ equation allow?

A

direct comparison between different children of different ages.
Eg. Is a 7 year old who gets all items for 9 year olds right as intelligent as an 11 year old that gets all items right for 9 year olds?

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49
Q

How did Wilhelm Stern solve the Stern/Terman’s IQ equation?

A

by converting chronological and mental ages to fractions, dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.

50
Q

What are the problems with Stern’s 1916 IQ?

A

1916 test had a upper mental age of 19.5 if you passed every group of items so anyone older would have a lower IQ. • So had to set an upper CA . As thought mental age didn’t improve after 16 yrs old, it was used as a norm, a maximum CA

51
Q

What did Terman add to the 1937 Revised version of the IQ test?

A

Added tasks possible for mental age raised to 22 years, 10 months

52
Q

How is the 1937 test better than the 1916 test?

A

Better standardisation of administration, Increased inter-scorer reliability, more performance (but still only 25%), Equivalency forms (L&M) included so you can look more closely at psychometrics

53
Q

What is the 1937 test of intelligence standardised with?

A

standardised with 3184 people from 11 states, but still urban whites

54
Q

What were the problems with the 1937 scale?

A
  • Correlation coefficients higher for older than younger people so not as stable for younger
  • More reliable for low IQ than normal or higher
  • Different age groups had different variability (SD)
  • So IQ in one age range could not be compared to another age range
55
Q

In the 1960 Stanford-Binet intelligence test, how was the variability issue in the 1937 scale solved?

A

With the inclusion of deviation IQ concept

56
Q

How does the 1960 Stanford-Binet intelligence test differ from the 1937 test?

A

new IQ tables were constructed

57
Q

What was the mean and the deviation of the 1960 Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

A

mean of 100 representing the 50th percentile and the deviation IQ resulted from evaluating variability of MA at each CA

58
Q

what does the new 1960 Stanford-Binet intelligence test allow that previous tests could not?

A

Allows for the comparison of IQs of different ages

59
Q

What were the samples used in the 1960 Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

A

No new normative samples to the 1937 one, thus 3184 people from 11 states, but still urban whites

60
Q

What did the 1972 edition of the Stanford Binet test use as samples?

A

2100 children including non-whites

61
Q

What was the structure Stanford Binet 4th and 5th edition (1937 and 1960)?

A

hierarchial with g reflecting common variability of all tasks

62
Q

what were the three groupings of the next level of the hierarchy of the 4th and 5th edition of hte Stanford-Binet test?

A

Crystallised abilities, fluid-analytic abilities and short-term memory

63
Q

what do crystallized abilities reflect?

A

learned knowledge. Verbal reasoning and non-verbal reasoning

64
Q

What does fluid-analytic abilities represent?

A

original potential/capabilities to acquire crystallised knowledge

65
Q

what does short term memory test?

A

how much info can you store briefly after only seeing something quickly?

66
Q

what did Thurstone in 1938 argue?

A

Argued against Spearman’s ideas & said that IQ comprised independent factors “primary mental abilities”

67
Q

How did the 1986 version of the intelligence test differ from the previous versions?

A

saw 15 categories so all verbal together rather than using the age format

68
Q

how did the 2003 version differ from the previous IQ tests?

A

there are 5 factors which comprise equally weighted verbal and non-verbal items. Thereforen ew subsets were added and retained new artwork, toys and better items

69
Q

What, in particular, did the 2003 version of the IQ test use with regard to age and approaches?

A

Used a Hybrid of age and multi0construct approaches

70
Q

What does the 2003 IQ test start with identifying and then what does it move into?

A

Starts with identifying basal level and moves to find ceiling

71
Q

How did the Standard deviation change between the 2003 and previous IQ test?

A

from 16 to 15

72
Q

What is the age range for the 2003 IQ test?

A

2-85 year age range

73
Q

What is the 2003 IQ test normed from?

A

4800 people stratified by gender, ethnicity, region & education + 3000 people from sub-populations (e.g. speech, language & hearing problems)

74
Q

what are the possible scores for the 2003 IQ test?

A

40-160

75
Q

What is the reliability for the full scale of the 2003 IQ test?

A

0.97 - 0.98 for all 23 age ranges

76
Q

What are the factors of the Stanford Binet, 5th edition (2003) IQ test?

A

fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory

77
Q

What are the domains of the Stanford Binet, 5th edition (2003) IQ test?

A

Nonverbal and verbal

78
Q

what did Cattell (1965), Horn (1985) and others argue with regards to intelligence?

A

argued for a quite different structure in intelligence which included fluid intelligence and Crystallised intelligence

79
Q

According to Cattell (1965), Horn (1985) and others, what is fluid intelligence?

A

(Gf)- logical thinking & problem solving in novel situations - relatively independent of cultural experience such as schooling.

80
Q

According to Cattell (1965), Horn (1985) and others, what is Crystallised intelligence?

A

(Gc) skills & knowledge - heavily dependent on schooling and life experience.
o related for formal education usually
o assessed using verbal scale

81
Q

What does the WAIS measure and how is the overall IQ score calculated?

A

WAIS measures fluid intelligence on the performance scale and crystallized intelligence on the verbal scale. The overall IQ score is based on a combination of these two scales

82
Q

Which intelligence continues to enhance throughout the lifetime (i.e. beyond 60 years old)?

A

Crystallised intellignece

83
Q

Which form of intelligence decreased dramatically with age?

A

Fluid intelligence

84
Q

Which intelligence peaks between ages 20 and 30 and then drops dramatically?

A

Visual processing

85
Q

Which aspect of intelligence peaks at 30 then remains relatively consistent from 30 years onwards?

A

long-term memory retrieval

86
Q

Which aspect of intelligence remains relatively consistent between ages of 10 and 60?

A

general intelligence (g-factor)

87
Q

What is intelligence according to Wechsler (1939)?

A

“The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment”.

88
Q

What did Weschler (1939) believe about intelligence?

A

He believed that factors beyond intellectual ability impacted on intelligent behaviour

89
Q

Currently, how many Weschler tests are there?

A

3

90
Q

What are the current Weschler tests?

A
  • The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-lV) 16yrs + over
  • Based on the WAIS, he developed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC-V) 7-16 yrs
  • Wechsler preschool and primary school Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-lV) 3-6 yrs
91
Q

What did Weschler object about the 1937 Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

A

the single score offered

92
Q

What did Weschler say about Binet’s test?

A

emphasis on speed unfairly disadvantaged older test takers and that the mental age norms clearly didnt apply to adults.

93
Q

What did Weschler do in response to his criticisms of Binet’s test?

A

in 1939 developed a test specifically for adults called the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

94
Q

Why was Weschler?

A

David Wechsler, a psychologist working at Bellevue Hospital in New York

95
Q

How did Weschler’s WAIS test deviate from Binet’s test?

A

In two ways:

  1. Used a point scale concept rather than an age scale
  2. Included a performance scale
96
Q

How does the point scale, as established by Weschler, differ from the age scale established by Binet?

A

In age scale format items are not arranged by content but rather, in groups of mixed tasks capable of being passed by ⅔ to ¾ of people of a particular age. In Binet’s scales it took ¾ of tasks to pass, you got no credit for passing ½. In the Point scale, you get credit for everything passed. Items of a particular content were grouped together

97
Q

How did Weschler’s performance scale concept differ from Binet’s concepts?

A

Binet’s earlier versions criticised for emphasis on verbal skills & language. So Wechsler included entire non-verbal scale (performance scale). Tasks required people to actually do something. Early Binet scale tasks aimed at younger children. Also difficult to separate tasks as grouped together. So WAIS etc had 2 major scales from the start. Performance scales aim to overcome bias (cultural, language, education). Performance tasks also take more sustained effort, concentration & attention

98
Q

What was the issue with the first try of the WAIS?

A

the first try was poorly standardised using 1081 whites primarily from NY

99
Q

What is the current WAIS test?

A

WAIS-IV 2008

100
Q

Before the WAIS-IV how many subsets did WAIS tests include?

A

Until this version the WAIS tests had 14 subsets measuring verbal and performance IQ

101
Q

How many subsets does the current WAIS-IV include?

A

Test now has 10 core subsets that provide a Full Scale IQ score and 5 optional subsets. and now provides index scores

102
Q

What is the general Ability Index (GAI) of the WAIS-IV based on?

A

The General Ability Index (GAI) is based on the 6 subsets of the VCI and PRI

103
Q

How was the WAIS-IV standardised?

A

Standardisation of 2200 adults in 13 age groups from 16-90

104
Q

How was the WAIS-IV stratified?

A

Stratified by age, gender, education level, ethnicity, and region

105
Q

How was the WAIS-IV revised?

A

Revised, based on 4 years of national and clinical research.

106
Q

What improvements were made to the revised WAIS-IV?

A
  • Strengthened theoretical foundations
  • Reduced administration time
  • Enhance psychometric properties
  • Improved developmental appropriateness.
107
Q

How can the WIAS-IV be used in diagnosis?

A

Can provide clues for diagnosis & differentiate between groups

108
Q

What does the WISC-V 2014 measure?

A

intelligence in children

109
Q

what are the previous versions of the WISC?

A

1949, 1974, 1991, 2003, now 2014

110
Q

What age range does the WISC test?

A

6-16 years & 11 months (there is an overlap in ages with all 3 scales)

111
Q

What abilities does the WISC measure?

A

Measures cognitive abilities, processing speed & working memory

112
Q

How many subsets are there in the WISC?

A

Contains 15 subsets

113
Q

How was the WISC-V Standardised?

A

Standardised on 2200 children

114
Q

How was reliability of the WISC-V tested?

A

reliability using split halves

115
Q

what age range does the WPPSI-IV measure?

A

2 years & 6 months-6 and 11 months

116
Q

What does the WPPSI-IV identify?

A

Also aimed at identifying children with learning difficulties

117
Q

How does the WPPSi-IV differ from WISC and WAIS?

A
  • There are practice items (as with the WISC®-V)

* Examiners can repeat items

118
Q

Which test is best for younger children and for children of below average intelligence?

A

Stanford-Binet

119
Q

Which test is best in adult populations and older children?

A

WAIS etc

120
Q

Why is WAIS better for adults and older children than Stanford binet?

A

o More neuro
o Able to more precisely pinpoint deficits
o Training

PYB309 - Individual differences and assessment (12 decks)

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