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AS Biology > 8) Transport in Mammals > Flashcards

8) Transport in Mammals Flashcards

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1
Q

state 3 differences between pulmonary & systematic circulation

A
  1. pulmonary carries blood from the RIGHT side of the heart to the lungs, systematic carries from LEFT side to all body organs.
  2. pulmonary returns OXYGENATED blood, systematic returns DEOXYGENATED.
  3. pulmonary consists of pulmonary arteries, systematic consists of aorta/vena cava & arteries.
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2
Q

describe tunica externa (outer layer) in artery/capillary/vein

A

artery : present (thick layer)
capillary : absent
vein : present (thin layer)

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3
Q

describe tunica media (middle layer) in artery/capillary/vein

A

artery : present (thick layer)
capillary : absent
vein : present (thin layer)

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4
Q

describe tunica interna (endothelium) in artery/capillary/vein

A

artery : present
capillary : present
vein : present

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5
Q

describe valves in artery/capillary/vein

A

artery : absent
capillary : absent
vein : present

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6
Q

state direction of blood flow, pressure, and size of lumen of artery

A

blood flow : away from the heart to lungs
pressure : high due to pumping action of heart
size of lumen : small

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7
Q

state direction of blood flow, pressure, and size of lumen of vein

A

blood flow : to the heart, from capillary into venules –> veins
pressure : low (one way valves)
size of lumen : large

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8
Q

structural features of red blood cell (2)

A
  • biconcave disc shape
  • no nucleus
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9
Q

structural features of neutrophil (3)

A
  • irregular/lobed nucleus
  • no of lobes between 2-5
  • granular cytoplasm
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10
Q

structural features of lymphocyte (2)

A
  • round nucleus
  • large in relation to cell
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11
Q

structural features of monocyte (3)

A
  • largest cell
  • clear cytoplasm
  • kidney shaped nucleus
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12
Q

differences between blood plasma & tissue fluid

A
  • blood plasma in arteries,capillaries,veins - tissue fluid between cells in tissues.
  • blood plasma has high protein content, tissue fluid does not.
  • blood plasma has high oxygen/nutrient content - tissue fluid high (arterial end), low (venous end).
  • blood plasma waste content low - tissue fluid low (arterial end), high (venous end).
  • blood plasma carries red blood cells and white blood cells - tissue fluid white cells which escape from the blood.
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13
Q

formula for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen = c02 + water

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14
Q

role of haemoglobin in transport of CO2

A
  • haemoglobin combines w CO2.
  • CO2 reacts w amine groups.
  • to form carbaminohaemoglobin.
  • carbonic anhydrase catalyses formation of carbonic acid.
  • each polypeptide can carry a molecule of CO2.
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15
Q

role of carbonic anhydrase in blood

A
  • catalyses reaction between CO2 & H20 to form carbonic acid.
  • very fast reaction.
  • in red blood cell.
  • hydrogen ions promote oxyhaemoglobin dissociation.
  • H+ forms
  • H+ binds w haemoglobin to give haemoglobinic acid
  • releases oxygen from haemoglobin
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16
Q

why is the wall of ventricle thicker than atria

A

the cardiac muscle has to produce more pressure
- ventricles have to pump at greater distance

17
Q

why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right

A
  • right ventricle only has to push blood through capillaries of lungs, where resistance to flow is much less.
  • than through all the capillaries of body organs supplied w blood from left ventricle.
18
Q

atrial systole

A
  • both atria contract
  • valves closed in the veins (backflow of blood prevented).
  • blood flows from atria to ventricles.
19
Q

ventricular systole

A
  • both ventricles contract.
  • atrioventricular valves pushed shut.
  • semilunar valves & pulmonary artery pushed open.
  • blood flows from ventricles to arteries.
20
Q

ventricular diastole

A
  • atria & ventricles relax.
  • semilunar valves & pulmonary artery pushed shut.
  • blood flows from veins through atria into ventricles.
21
Q

describe function sinoatrial node

A
  • acts as pacemaker/regulates heartbeat
  • releases electrical impulses
22
Q

describe function of atrioventricular node

A
  • delays impulse
  • sends impulses to purkyne tissue/bundle of His
  • allows atrial systole to complete before ventricular systole
23
Q

3 structural features of endothelial tissue

A
  • squamous cells
  • one cell thick
  • single layer
24
Q

structure of haemoglobin (for uptake of oxygen)

A
  • 4 polypeptides (alpha and beta groups)
  • each w a haem group
  • temporary attachment to oxygen.
  • 4 molecules of oxygen.
  • oxyhaemoglobin.
25
Q

how is tissue fluid formed in the capillary network (3)

A
  • higher pressure of blood
  • filtration of blood
  • pushing out plasma
  • plasma proteins not filtered out but amino acids/salts are.
26
Q

who do red blood cells not leave the capillary (2)

A
  • too large
  • cannot pass through endothelial pores/cells
27
Q

what is double circulation system

A
  • blood travels through the heart twice
  • through pulmonary & systemic circulation
28
Q

stages in the cardiac cycle (6)

A
  1. wave of excitation spreads from SN
  2. atrial walls contract
  3. wave of excitation enters AVN
  4. impulse delayed for fraction of a second
  5. wave passes down Purkyne tissue
  6. ventricles contract
29
Q

describe structure of red blood cells

A
  • no nucleus’
  • biconcave disc shape
  • no organelles
30
Q

how is the structure of capillary wall related to its functions

A
  • one cell thick
  • endothelial cells / pores
  • short distance for diffusion
31
Q

Explain why the concentration of chloride ions in the blood plasma of deoxygenated
blood is lower than in the plasma of oxygenated blood.

A
  1. HCO3- ,pass out of red blood cells (into the plasma to increase concentration in
    deoxygenated blood) ;
  2. chloride ions pass into red blood cells ;
  3. to replace the, negatively-charged HCO3- ;
    4 . chloride shift
32
Q

why is it important that the AVN delays the impulse

A
  • atria and ventricles do not contract at same time
  • ventricles contract AFTER atria
33
Q

tunica media consists of ?

A
  • elastic fibres
  • collagen
  • smooth muscle
34
Q

where is SN found

A

wall of the right atrium

35
Q

State the precise site in the mammalian body where haemoglobin molecules bind with
oxygen.

A

alveolar capillary

AS Biology (11 decks)

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