1) Cell Structure Flashcards by Nevina Maya Pradhan

What is resolution ?

ability to distinguish between 2 objects very close together

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what is magnification ?

number of times greater that an image is than the actual object

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compare the resolution of a light microscope with an electron microscope

light microscope = 200 nm
electron microscope = 0.2 nm

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compare the magnification of a light microscope with an electron microscope

light microscope = upto 1500
electron microscope = upto 500,000

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compare the radiation used of a light microscope with an electron microscope

light microscope = light rays
electron microscope = beam of electrons

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size and function of the cell surface membrane

(7nm)
- controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
- cell signalling
- cell recognition
- cell to cell adhesion
- protects organelles from damage/pathogens (BARRIER BETWEEN CYTOPLASM & EXTERNAL ENV)

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function of the nucleus

contains DNA
coding for the synthesis of proteins

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structure & function of the rough ER

covered with ribosomes.
transport PROTEINS synthesised on the ribosomes.

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structure & function of the smooth ER

no ribosomes.
synthesises and transports LIPID molecules. (membrane, vesicles formed, cisternae)

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function of the golgi body

synthesises glycoproteins.
packages proteins for export from the cell.

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function of the mitochondria

produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by aerobic respiration

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location and function of ribosomes

free in the cytoplasm / attached to the Rough ER.
site of protein synthesis.

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where are 70S ribosomes found ?

Prokaryotes (chloroplasts, mitochondria, bacteria)

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where are 80S ribosomes found ?

Eukaryotes

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function of lysosomes

(in cytoplasm) digests unwanted materials and worn-out organelles

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function of microtubules

(in cytoplasm) involved in the movement of organelles

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location of centrioles

animal cells
next to the nucleus
region called centrosome

structure & function of centrioles

made of protein microtubules
formation of the spindle during nuclear division

function of chloroplasts

contain chlorophyll
site of photosynthesis

function of cell wall

supports the plant cell and maintains its shape

what is the cell wall made of in plants / fungi / bacteria ?

plants - cellulose
fungi - chitin
bacteria - peptidoglycan

what is the plasmodesmata ?

pores in the cell wall

function of the plasmodesmata

allows movement of materials between cells

function of the vacuole

holds water
contains various solutes (sugars, minerals, salts, pigments)

what is the membrane that surrounds the vacuole?

tonoplast

function of the tonoplast

controls exchange of materials between the vacuole and the cytoplasm

give 5 differences between animal and plant cells

- plant cells have cellulose cell walls, animal cells do not. - plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells do not. - plants cells have a large permanent vacuole, animal cells do not. - plant cells do not have a centrosome but animal cells do. - carbohydrate storage product in plant cells is starch, whereas in animal cells it's glycogen

what is the general size of a prokaryotic bacterial cell?

1-5 micrometres diameter

what is the function of the flagellum

locomotion

function of the capsule

additional protection

what is a plasmid

a small circle of DNA

function of pilli

for attachment to other cells or surfaces ; involved in sexual reproduction

difference between DNA in eukaryotes & prokaryotes

--> eukaryotes - it has proteins attached and is linear. --> prokaryotes - naked and is circular

give 5 differences between Eukaryotic cells & Prokaryotic cells

- eukaryotic are large , prokaryotic are small. - eukaryotic have a nucleus, prokaryotic do not. - eukaryotic has linear DNA, prokaryotic has circular DNA. - eukaryotic cell wall is made of cellulose, prokaryotic is made of peptidoglycan. eukaryotic has membrane bound organelles, prokaryotic does not. - eukaryotic has 80S ribosomes, prokaryotic has 70S ribosomes.

what does peptidoglycan contain?

peptides/amino acids

list 3 main features of a virus

- non-cellular - has nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA) - a capsid made of protein

what is the envelope of viruses made of ?

phospholipids

convert 1 mm into micrometres

1 x 1000 = 1000 micrometres

convert 1 micrometre into nanometres

1 x 1000 = 1000 nanometres

state 3 organelles that have a double membrane

- mitochondria - chloroplast - nucleus

how is the structure of the cell surface membrane a fluid mosaic ?

fluid : phospholipid molecules diffuse/ move about mosaic : protein scattered