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AS Biology > 1) Cell Structure > Flashcards

1) Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is resolution ?

A

ability to distinguish between 2 objects very close together

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2
Q

what is magnification ?

A

number of times greater that an image is than the actual object

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2
Q

compare the resolution of a light microscope with an electron microscope

A

light microscope = 200 nm
electron microscope = 0.2 nm

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3
Q

compare the magnification of a light microscope with an electron microscope

A

light microscope = upto 1500
electron microscope = upto 500,000

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4
Q

compare the radiation used of a light microscope with an electron microscope

A

light microscope = light rays
electron microscope = beam of electrons

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5
Q

size and function of the cell surface membrane

A

(7nm)
- controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
- cell signalling
- cell recognition
- cell to cell adhesion
- protects organelles from damage/pathogens (BARRIER BETWEEN CYTOPLASM & EXTERNAL ENV)

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6
Q

function of the nucleus

A
  • contains DNA
  • coding for the synthesis of proteins
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7
Q

structure & function of the rough ER

A
  • covered with ribosomes.
  • transport PROTEINS synthesised on the ribosomes.
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8
Q

structure & function of the smooth ER

A
  • no ribosomes.
  • synthesises and transports LIPID molecules. (membrane, vesicles formed, cisternae)
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9
Q

function of the golgi body

A
  • synthesises glycoproteins.
  • packages proteins for export from the cell.
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10
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by aerobic respiration

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11
Q

location and function of ribosomes

A
  • free in the cytoplasm / attached to the Rough ER.
  • site of protein synthesis.
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12
Q

where are 70S ribosomes found ?

A

Prokaryotes (chloroplasts, mitochondria, bacteria)

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13
Q

where are 80S ribosomes found ?

A

Eukaryotes

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14
Q

function of lysosomes

A

(in cytoplasm) digests unwanted materials and worn-out organelles

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15
Q

function of microtubules

A

(in cytoplasm) involved in the movement of organelles

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16
Q

location of centrioles

A
  • animal cells
  • next to the nucleus
  • region called centrosome
17
Q

structure & function of centrioles

A
  • made of protein microtubules
  • formation of the spindle during nuclear division
18
Q

function of chloroplasts

A
  • contain chlorophyll
  • site of photosynthesis
19
Q

function of cell wall

A
  • supports the plant cell and maintains its shape
20
Q

what is the cell wall made of in plants / fungi / bacteria ?

A

plants - cellulose
fungi - chitin
bacteria - peptidoglycan

21
Q

what is the plasmodesmata ?

A

pores in the cell wall

22
Q

function of the plasmodesmata

A

allows movement of materials between cells

23
Q

function of the vacuole

A
  • holds water
  • contains various solutes (sugars, minerals, salts, pigments)
24
Q

what is the membrane that surrounds the vacuole?

A

tonoplast

25
Q

function of the tonoplast

A

controls exchange of materials between the vacuole and the cytoplasm

26
Q

give 5 differences between animal and plant cells

A
  • plant cells have cellulose cell walls, animal cells do not.
  • plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells do not.
  • plants cells have a large permanent vacuole, animal cells do not.
  • plant cells do not have a centrosome but animal cells do.
  • carbohydrate storage product in plant cells is starch, whereas in animal cells it’s glycogen
27
Q

what is the general size of a prokaryotic bacterial cell?

A

1-5 micrometres diameter

28
Q

what is the function of the flagellum

A

locomotion

29
Q

function of the capsule

A

additional protection

30
Q

what is a plasmid

A

a small circle of DNA

31
Q

function of pilli

A

for attachment to other cells or surfaces ; involved in sexual reproduction

32
Q

difference between DNA in eukaryotes & prokaryotes

A

–> eukaryotes - it has proteins attached and is linear.
–> prokaryotes - naked and is circular

33
Q

give 5 differences between Eukaryotic cells & Prokaryotic cells

A
  • eukaryotic are large , prokaryotic are small.
  • eukaryotic have a nucleus, prokaryotic do not.
  • eukaryotic has linear DNA, prokaryotic has circular DNA.
  • eukaryotic cell wall is made of cellulose, prokaryotic is made of peptidoglycan.
    eukaryotic has membrane bound organelles, prokaryotic does not.
  • eukaryotic has 80S ribosomes, prokaryotic has 70S ribosomes.
34
Q

what does peptidoglycan contain?

A

peptides/amino acids

35
Q

list 3 main features of a virus

A
  • non-cellular
  • has nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA)
  • a capsid made of protein
36
Q

what is the envelope of viruses made of ?

A

phospholipids

37
Q

convert 1 mm into micrometres

A

1 x 1000 = 1000 micrometres

38
Q

convert 1 micrometre into nanometres

A

1 x 1000 = 1000 nanometres

39
Q

state 3 organelles that have a double membrane

A
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplast
  • nucleus
40
Q

how is the structure of the cell surface membrane a fluid mosaic ?

A

fluid : phospholipid molecules diffuse/ move about

mosaic : protein scattered

AS Biology (11 decks)

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