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PT certification > 8) The nervous system and muscle function > Flashcards

8) The nervous system and muscle function Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle functions

A 
Movement (muscle pulls on bone)
Maintain posture (maintain position of the skeletal system)
Produce heat (movement produces heat)
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2
Q

Types of muscke

A

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

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3
Q

Smooth muscle

A 
Visceral muscles
Involuntary
Non-striated
Very elastic
Sustained, slow, powerful contractions 
Walls of arteries
Intestines etc
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4
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Muscle of the heart wall
Involuntary
Striated
Very elastic and fatigue resistant

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle

A 
Voluntary
Striated
Activated by CNS
Made to contract and relax by conscious control
Less elastic and fatigues 
Attach to and move the skeleton
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6
Q

Muscle Composition

A 
Muscle tendon
Muscle belly
Bundles of muscles
Muscle fibres
Myofibrils
Myofilaments
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7
Q

Characteristics of muscle

A

Irritability
Contractability (is capable of shortening”
Extensibility
Elasticity (can return to its original shape after being shortened or lengthened)

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8
Q

How we control the body

A

Electrical control
(Nervous system, electrical impulses)
Chemical control (endocrine system, hormonal circulation)

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9
Q

The central nervous system

A 
Responsible for all conscious functions.
Send messages to muscles 
2 parts: 
Brain (sends orders to the body)
Spinal Cord (Is the major phone line to the worksites of the body)
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10
Q

The brain is involved in:

CNS

A

Control of muscular movements
Emotional aspects of behaviour and memory
Interpretation of sensory impulses
Coordination of skeletal muscles

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11
Q

The spinal cord

CNS

A

Extends from skull to Lumbar vertebrae
Nerve roots branch off the spinal cords and travel to all regions of the body to send and receive information regarding body functions
All information from the body to the brain passes through the spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nervous tissue(our nerves) which are nerves that send info from the various body parts to the CNS

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13
Q

Nervous system (2 divisions)

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

Motor responses

A

Somatic : run, jump etc
Enteric: digestive structures to move food down
Autonomic: cardiac and smooth muscles (heart beating)

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15
Q

Autonomic motor responses

A

Cause excitation or inhibition of cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest

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16
Q

Motor unit consists of..

A

Motor nerve
Motor end plate
The muscle fibres it activates (how many)
Every fibre activates at 100% in the motor unit or not at all

17
Q

The force of the contraction is dependent on:

A 
Number  of motor units
Frequency of firing of motor units 
Synchronisation of activation of motor units
Inhibition of the antagonist muscles
Sensitivity of the sensory organs
Muscle fibre type
Muscle size
18
Q

How sensitive are your sensory organs

A

Muscle spindle: lives in the muscle belly and senses the rate of lengthening of a muscle (neck reflex)
Golgi tendon organ: senses the amount of tension in muscles and shuts down if too much

19
Q

Type 1 red slow twitch fibres

A 
Small in size
Small motor nerve and motor end plate
Low frequency of firing
Low contraction force
Slow contraction speed
High endurance 
Aerobic 
(Long distance runners)
20
Q

Fast twitch fibres

Type 2

A

Large, anaerobic fibres that have a high force output and very low endurance

21
Q

2A

A

Fast oxidative gylcolytic fibres (fog)

Intermediate fibres as can turn into either type 1 or 2 depending on training

22
Q

Type 2B

A 
Fast Gylcoytic fibres (FG)
Large fibres that have large motor nerve and motor plate 
High frequency of firing
Strong contractions
Low endurance 
Anaerobic
23
Q

Fibre types can differ in persons due to:

A

Genetics
Hormones
Exercise training

24
Q

Rules for recruitment of fibres

A

Activated in order of smallest to largest (slow to fast twitch)
The higher the force/tension the greater the number of fibres activated
High speed activities can activate fast twitch straight away eg fly swat

25
Q

Types of muscles contractions

A

Concentric: muscle shortens under tension (bicep curl)
Eccentric: muscle lengthens under tension
Isometric: tension in muscle but no movement

26
Q

Agonist

A

The prime mover, contracts to produce movement

27
Q

Antagonist

A

The antagonist stretches and yields to the movement of the agonist (opposite to agonist and found on other side of joint)

28
Q

Fixator/stabiliser

A

Assist to stabilise movement

29
Q

Synergist

A

Contract to assist the agonist

30
Q

Hyoerteophy

A

Increasing muscles

31
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in muscles

32
Q

Origin

A

Is proximal to the trunk and is the bone that does not move

33
Q

Insertion

A

Is distal from the trunk and is the body part that movess

34
Q

Power curve

A

The more force the slower the movement and the less force the faster the movement

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