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PT certification > 7) Joints and Levers > Flashcards

7) Joints and Levers Flashcards

1
Q

Another word for a joint

A

Articulation

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2
Q

Synarthroses/Fibrous Joint

A

No movement

Fibrous connective tissue grows between articulating bones

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3
Q

Amphiarthroses/ Cartilaginious Joints

A

Slight movement

Cartilage connects articulating bones

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4
Q

Diarthroses/ Synovial Joints

A

Free movement

Most joints belong to this class, for example hip, knee, shoulder, elbow

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5
Q

Joint Capsule

A

Lined with synovial fluid and made of fibrous connective tissue, holds the bones securely together but permits movement

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6
Q

Ligaments

A

Hold adjoining bones together

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7
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Covers joint ends of bones, reduces friction and helps absorb shock

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8
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Lines joint capsule and secretes lubricating fluid

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9
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Released from synovial membrane, acts as a lubricant

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10
Q

Joint Cavity

A

Space between joint ends of bones

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11
Q

Bursae

A

Small fluid sacs located between a bone and tendon to reduce friction

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12
Q

Meniscus

A

Pads found at a joint between the articulating bones that serve to absorb shock

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13
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A 
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding
Condyloid
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14
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Most freely moving.
Ball shaped head of one bone fits into concave socket of another bone.
Allows movement in 3 directional planes
Eg shoulder and hip.

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15
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Allow movement in one directional plane.

Elbow, Fingers.

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16
Q

Pivot

A

Involves the bony projection of one bone pivoting in an arch of another bone.
Allows movement in only one directional plane.
C1 and C2 in neck, radius and ulna.

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17
Q

Saddle

A

Thumb

Allows movement in two directional planes

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18
Q

Gliding

A

Least freely moving
Glide over each other
Carpals of hands and feet

19
Q

Ellipsoidal (condyloid)

A

Involves the condyle of one bone fitting into the ellipsoid or depression of another bone eg lateral wrist

20
Q

What determines joint stability

A

Articular structure of the joint
Ligament support around the joint
Muscular control of the joint

21
Q

ROM

A

Joint range of movement

22
Q

Observation to asses ROM

A

The therapist observes a joint ROM and estimates the degree of movement

23
Q

Comparison

A

The therapist compares one side of the body with the contra lateral side

24
Q

Goniometry

A

The therapist uses a joint goniometer to assess 360 degrees of motion.

25
Q

Anatomical limits to joint ROM

A

Shape of the joint surfaces
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Musculocutaneous structures

26
Q

Shape of the joint surfaces

A

There is a second classification of synovial joints based on their ability to perform motion, which is directly related to the shape of the joint surfaces.
There are three classes of joints.
Uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial

27
Q

Uniaxial

A

The joint moves around one (uni) axis, thus In one plane due to the joint structure.
Have one degree of freedom. hinge joints and pivot joints

28
Q

Biaxial

A

The joint moves around two (bi) axis thus in two planes due to the joint structure.
Two degrees of freedom.
Saddle joints, gliding joints and Condyloid joints.

29
Q

Triaxial

A

The joint moves around three (tri) axis thus in three planes due to the joint structure.
Three degrees of freedom.
Ball and socket joints.

30
Q

Joint capsule

A

Composed of dense connective tissue whose fibres are firmly joined to the periosteum.
Outer layer has poor blood supply and inner layer has good blood supply.
It is subject to poor blood flow and good blood flow in response to heat and cold respectively
Alters the ROM by increasing or decreasing the joint space.

31
Q

Ligaments

A

Composed of dense fibrous connective tissue.
Made of collagen and elastin.
The ratio of collagen to elastin determines the elasticity of the ligaments and hence the stability and mobility at the joint.
Once a ligament is deformed beyond elastic recoil, it will not retain its original state thus rendering the joint unstable.

32
Q

Musculocutaneous structures

A

These structures influence the joint ROM depending on their flexibility.
If the muscles and tendons crossing a joint are tight they will limit ROM at the joint.

33
Q

When is a joint most stable?

A

In it’s closed packed position.
Eg extension of the elbow, knee and fingers.
However should avoid this position when doing strength training, position of maximum stability but also the position of most vulnerability when additional load is placed on the joint.

34
Q

Levers of motion

A

In the body movement is achieved through the use of mechanical levers.
Levers= rigid structure that moves load- bone.
Levers have a resistance, axis, and force.

35
Q

Poke neck

A

Excessive anterior (flexion) positioning of the cervical spine (head)

36
Q

Kyphosis

A

Hunch back

Excessive curvature of the thoracic spine.

37
Q

Lordosis

A

Excessive curvature of the lumbar spine.

Looks like sticking bum out.

38
Q

Flat back

A

Lack of curvature of the lumbar spine

39
Q

Scoliosis

A

Excessive curvature of the spine

40
Q

Levers: Resistance, axis and force.

A 
Resistance= Where old is applied eg barbell.
Axis= Joints around which movement occurs
Force= Muscle.
41
Q

Class one lever

A

A between F and R.
Provides strength or speed depending on where the axis is located.
Eg seesaw, scissors, lifting chin off chest, elbow extension.

42
Q

Class two lever

A 
R between  A and F.
Provides strength.
Eg
Wheelbarrow, planterflexion 
(Calf raise)
43
Q

Class three lever

A 
F between A and R.
Provides speed.
The most common lever system in the human body.
Eg
Staplers, tweezers,  bicep curl.

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