5) Anatomy Introduction

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Answer 1

Standing erect with the arms at the side and palms turned forwards

Question 2

Frontal Plane

and Joint actions

Answer 2

Divides the body into front and back.

Abduction and adduction

Question 3

Sagittal Plane and joint actions

Answer 3

Divides the body into right and left.

Flexion and extension.

Question 4

Transverse Plane and joint actions

Answer 4

Also horizontal plane, divides body into upper and lower.

Rotation, horizontal flexion and extension.

Question 5

Cells

Answer 5

The smallest structural units; organisations of various chemicals.

Question 6

Tissues

Answer 6

Organisations of similar cells.

Question 7

Organs

Answer 7

Organisations of different kinds of tissues.

Question 8

Systems

Answer 8

Organisations of many.

Question 9

Superior

Answer 9

Above, toward your head.

E.g. your knee is superior to your ankle.

Question 10

Inferior

Answer 10

Below, toward your feet.

E.g. your hand is inferior to your shoulder.

Question 11

Anterior

Answer 11

(Ventral) In front of.

E.g. your sternum is anterior to your heart.

Question 12

Posterior

Answer 12

(Dorsal) Behind, in back of.

E.g. your vertebrae are posterior to your sternum.

Question 13

Medial

Answer 13

Toward the midline, positioned closer to the midline of the body.
E.g. your nose is medial to your ears.

Question 14

Lateral

Answer 14

Away from the midline, positioned further away from the midline of the body.
E.g. Your ears are lateral to your nose.

Question 15

Proximal

Answer 15

Toward of nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin.
E.g. elbow is proximal to wrist.
Refers to limbs only.

Question 16

Distal

Answer 16

Away from or farthest from the trunk.
E.g. toes are distal to the knee.
Refers to limbs only.

Question 17

Superficial

Answer 17

Closer to the body’s surface.

Superficial wound, superficial muscles.

Question 18

Deep

Answer 18

Further in from the body’s surface.

Muscles are deep to the skin.

Question 19

Organ

Answer 19

A structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organised in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than any tissue alone.

Question 20

Organ System

Answer 20

A group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any organ alone.

Question 21

How many organ systems is the body made up of?

Answer 21

11

Question 22

The 9 organ systems in relation to PT study

Answer 22

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary,

Question 23

Integumentary System

Answer 23

What: Skin, hair, nails, sense receptors, sweat glands, oil glands
Do: Protection, regulation of temperature, synthesis of chemicals, sense organ.

Question 24

Skeletal System

Answer 24

What: Bones, Joints, Cartilage
Do: Support, movement, blood cell formation, storage.

Question 25

Muscular System

Answer 25

What: Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, smooth) Do: Movement, maintenance of body posture, production of heat.

Question 26

Nervous System

Answer 26

What: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Do: Communication, control, integration, recognition of sensory stimuli.

Question 27

Cardiovascular System

Answer 27

What: Heart, blood vessels. Do: Transportation, regulation of temperature, immuntiy (body defence).

Question 28

Lymphatic System

Answer 28

What: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen. Do: Transportation, immunity (body defence)

Question 29

Respiratory System

Answer 29

What: Nose, pharynxy, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Do: Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the lungs.

Question 30

Digestive System

Answer 30

What: Mouth, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anal canal, teeth, saliva glands, tongue, liver, pancreas, appendix. Do: Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food, absorption of nutrients, undigested waste product that is eliminated is called Faeces.

Question 31

Urinary System

Answer 31

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra.

Question 32

Extension

Answer 32

Increasing the angle between two bones. | E.g. on the down of a bicep curl.

Question 33

Flexion

Answer 33

Decreasing the angle between two bones. | E.g. On the up of a bicep curl.

Question 34

Abduction

Answer 34

Moving away from the midline of the body | E.g. raising arms to the side horizintally.

Question 35

Adduction

Answer 35

Moving toward the midline of the body or part. | E.g. bring your arms to the side from a horizintal position.

Question 36

Protraction

Answer 36

Moving away from the midline of the body (Scapula) | E.g. hunching forwards.

Question 37

Retraction

Answer 37

Moving toward the midline of the body (Scapula) | E.g. pulling shoulder blades together (sitting up straight).

Question 38

Horizontal flexion

Answer 38

Adduction in the transverse plane | E.g. pulling your arms pointing to the front of body from horizontal position (raised).

Question 39

Horizontal abduction

Answer 39

Abduction in the transverse plane. | Pulling your arms from pointing to the front to the side (raised).

Question 40

Elevation

Answer 40

Moving to a superior position e.g. on the up movement of shrugging shoulders.

Question 41

Depression

Answer 41

Moving to an inferior position eg on the down of shrugging shoulders.

Question 42

Circumduction

Answer 42

A combination movement, involving flexion, extension, abduction and adduction e.g. butterfly

Question 43

Lateral rotation

Answer 43

Turning about the vertical axis of the bone away from the midline (lateral). Eg moving right arm to the left (elbow bent and in the same position)

Question 44

Medial rotation

Answer 44

Turning about the vertical axis of the bone towards the midline (internal) E.g. Right arm to the left from the elbow hinge (elbow not moving).

Question 45

Pronation

Answer 45

Rotating wrist or hand medially from the elbow (palm down).

Question 46

Supination

Answer 46

Rotating wrist or hand laterally from the elbow (palm up)

Question 47

Inversion

Answer 47

Moving the medial border of the foot inwards (rolling onto the right side of the foot).

Question 48

Eversion

Answer 48

Moving the lateral border of the foot outwards (rolling onto left side of foot)

Question 49

Dorsiflexion

Answer 49

Moving the top of foot toward the shin (feet flexed)

Question 50

Plantarflexion

Answer 50

Moving the top of foot away from shin (tip toes)