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geo > 8. Tectonics > Flashcards

8. Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 layers of the earth

A
  1. crust
  2. mantle
  3. outer core
  4. inner core
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2
Q

destructive/convergent margin

A

where the tectonic plates are moving towards eachother and the denser plate is forced below the other one

*here volcanoes are formed and occur

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3
Q

constructive margin

A

the plates are moving apart from one another

*when this happens, the magma rises to make a new crust

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4
Q

collision plate boundary

A

where two tectonic plates are moving towards eachother

*This is how mountains occur

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5
Q

conservative margin

A

when two different plates slide past eachother in opposite directions

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6
Q

what is the lithosphere

A

crust and upper most mantle

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7
Q

crust

A

the outer layer of the earth

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8
Q

continental crust

A

thicker, older, less dense, made of granite

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9
Q

oceanic crust

A

thinner, newer, more dense, made of basalt

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10
Q

convection currents

A

heated plumes of magma which create crustal plate movement

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11
Q

what happens when convection currents diverge (go out)

A

plates move apart

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12
Q

where convection currents converge

A

plates move towards eachother

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13
Q

what is a plate

A

pieces of the earth’s crust

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14
Q

what is a plate boundary

A

the point where two tectonic plates meet

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15
Q

how many plates are there

A

7 major and 8 minor

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16
Q

what is a hotspot

A

places where the crust is very thin

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17
Q

where are there the most volcanoes and earthquakes?

A
  1. up across the west side of the americas
  2. in indonesia, australia and the islands in the pacific ocean (in between indonesia and australia)
  3. across the east side of asia
  4. Across the north of the mediterranean sea (right of Italy)
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18
Q

earthquake

A

the violent shaking of the earth’s crust

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19
Q

earthquake magnitude

A

the strength of an earthquake

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20
Q

earthquake intensity

A

the violence of earth movements produced by an earthquake

21
Q

mercali scale

A

scale used to measure earthquake
damage

22
Q

richter scale

A

scale used to measure earthquake
magnitude

23
Q

focus

A

where the eqarthquake originated from

24
Q

epicentre

A

the point on the ground surface immediately above the focus (where the earthquake originates). This is where the greatest damage usually occurs

25
Q

how to predict where a earthquakes will be

A

seismometers, animal behaviour, radon
gas, dilatancy

26
Q

how to prepare for an earthquake

A

building design, evacuation, go-bags

27
Q

all the types of impacts

A

social = direct impact of people
economic = impact on economic activities like business
environmental = impact on the landscape including water and air pollution

28
Q

short term & immediate responses

A

a response in the days and weeks immediately after a disaster has happened e.g. search and rescue, helping the injured, giving key supplies

29
Q

long term responses

A

responses go on for months and years after a disaster e.g. rebuilding destroyed infrastructure (homes, hospitals, etc.) and also donating a bit of money

30
Q

magma chamber

A

large underground pool of magma

31
Q

lava

A

magma, once it reaches the surface

32
Q

crater

A

bowl-shaped basin on the top of the volcano

33
Q

vent

A

central tube which magma travels through

34
Q

secondary cones

A

when magma from one vent diverts and creates another vent

35
Q

material that are released from the top of a volcano

A

ash, steam and gas

36
Q

volcanic bombs

A

larger material thrown out by the force of
eruption

37
Q

how to predict where a volcanic eruption will happen

A

seismometers, gas sensors, tilt-meters,
GPS satellites.

38
Q

how to prepare for a volcanic eruption

A

evacuation, diverting lava flow,
go-bags

39
Q

what volcanic eruption happened in Iceland and when

A

E-15 in 2010

40
Q

cause of the Iceland volcano

A

*an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial meltwater
*Iceland is situated on the mid-Atlantic ridge which is a constructive plate boundary that runs through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
*E-15 has a glacier above it

41
Q

environmental and human effects of the Iceland volcano

A

*no deaths
*£1.1 billion lost revenue for airlines and 95,000 flights were cancelled
*damage was £3 billion
*10 million people affected
*Ash cloud moved to Europe
*The volcano released lots of greenhouse gases over Europe

42
Q

human responses to the Iceland volcano

A

*700 locals evacuated
*closed air space for 7 days over europe
*resources were flown to them
*the Red Cross provided food for them
*People with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema or a heart disease were advised to stay indoors as to not be irritated by the chemicals in the air.

43
Q

what happened in haiti and when

A

an earthquake in 2010

44
Q

cause of the haiti earthquake

A

caused by the sliding of 2 plates moving in the same direction

45
Q

environmental and human effects of the haiti earthquake

A

*316 people killed
*1 million homeless
*3 million affected
*250,000 homes were destroyed
*1 in 5 people lost their job

46
Q

human responses to the haiti earthquake

A

*$100 million in aid given by the USA and $330 million by the EU
*810,000 people placed in aid camps
*healthcare supplies provided to limit disease
*Water and sanitation eventually supplied for 1.7million people

47
Q

what is the name of each of the seven major crusts

A
  1. Nazca
  2. African
  3. Indo-australian
  4. Eurasian
  5. Pacific
  6. South American
  7. North American
48
Q

what is the name of each of the four plate boundaries

A
  1. Constructive
  2. Destructive
  3. Collision
  4. Conservative

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