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ZOOL 342 > 8. Somatosensation > Flashcards

8. Somatosensation Flashcards

1
Q

stimulation of the skin (including tactile perception, temperature, and pain)

A

cutaneous sensations

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2
Q

a sense of limb position and movement

A

proprioception and kinesthesis

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3
Q

do you remember the reflex arc?

A

of course I remember the reflex arc

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4
Q

what are the five types of mechanoreceptor cells in mammalian glabrous skin?

A
  • meissner corpuscle
  • pacinian corpuscle
  • ruffini’s corpuscles/cylinders
  • merkel’s disks
  • free nerve endings
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5
Q

an electrophysiological technique used for recording single or multiunit nerve traffic directly from human peripheral nerves

A

microneurography (see slide 477 if you want more info)

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6
Q

list the types of slow adapting mechanoreceptors

A
  • merkel disks
  • ruffini cylinder
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7
Q

list the types of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors

A
  • meissner corpuscles
  • pacinian corpuscles
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8
Q

which types of mechanoreceptors have small receptive fields?

A
  • merkel disks
  • meissner corpuscles
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9
Q

which types of mechanoreceptors have large receptive fields?

A
  • ruffini cylinder
  • pacinian corpuscle
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10
Q

type of response that lasts as long as the stimulus is applied

A

tonic/slow adapting

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11
Q

type of response that spikes at the onset and offset of the stimulus

A

phasic/rapidly adapting

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12
Q

which mechanoreceptors are found at the surface of the skin?

A
  • merkel disks
  • meissner corpuscle
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13
Q

type of mechanoreceptor with a high density in the ridges of the fingertips, and small receptive fields for tactile acuity

A

merkel disks

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14
Q

what kind of touch perception are merkel disks specialized for?

A

fine details (tactile acuity)

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15
Q

type of mechanoreceptor with a high density in the lips, palms, fingers, and the soles of the feet, are involved in initial contact and moving stimuli, and can sense low frequency vibrations (<50Hz)

A

meissner corpuscle

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16
Q

what kind of touch perception are meissner corpuscles specialized for?

A

suggested to play a role in grasping

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17
Q

which mechanoreceptors are found deep to the skin?

A
  • ruffini cylinders
  • pacinian corpuscles
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18
Q

type of mechanoreceptor with a high density in the base of the fingers, toenails, palms, and skin overlying joints/ligaments, and contribute to detection of how much pressure is applied to your feet, and how firm your grasp is

A

ruffini cylinders

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19
Q

what kind of touch perception are ruffini cylinders specialized for?

A

implicated in stretching of the skin, balance, and firm grasping

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20
Q

type of mechanoreceptor that responds to high frequency vibrations (>50Hz)

A

pacinian corpuscles

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21
Q

what kind of touch perception are pacinian corpuscles specialized for?

A

detection of high frequency vibrations, and detecting fine texture by moving fingers

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22
Q

what type of channels do somatosensory mechanoreceptors have?

A

Piezo 2 channels

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23
Q

a homotrimer that has a cap, clasp, and three blades

A

the Piezo 2 channel

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24
Q

how many transmembrane domains are found on each of the blades of the Piezo 2 channels?

A

38

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25
blocks the pore of the Piezo 2 channel
C-terminus extracellular domain (CED)
26
how is the Piezo 2 channel opened?
when a force/pressure is applied, the blades and cap twist, the CED moves, and the pore opens
27
where are the Piezo 2 channels located in merkel disks?
on both the merkel cell itself and the afferent fiber
28
what type of afferent nerve fiber is found at the merkel disks?
A-beta SAI-LTMR - A-beta = refers to the size of the fiber - LTMR = low threshold mechanoreceptor
29
when the Piezo 2 channels open, cation influx leads to:
Opening of voltage gated Ca++ channels
30
at the merkel disks, the initial electrical response is due to _____, and the slow adapting response is due to _____
Piezo 2 channels on the afferents, Piezo 2 channels on the merkel cells
31
go review slide 484
important for the final
32
which two transmembrane receptor proteins are associated with meissner's corpuscles?
- TrkB = tropomyosin receptor kinase B - Ret = receptor tyrosine kinase
33
applied pressure onto the pacinian corpuscle causes deformation of the "onion-like" layers and acts as a stimulus to:
stretch the neurone membrane, opening sodium channels and generating an AP
34
what is advantageous about the gel inside the neuron (of the pacinian corpuscle)?
the viscous properties of the gel allow it to spring back quickly (fast adapting and very compliant)
35
what are the five types of low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) found on hairy skin?
- A-beta SA1-LTMRs - A-beta RA-LTMRs - A-beta field-LTMRs - C-LTMRs - A-delta-LTMRs
36
which hair skin LTMRs have lanceolate endings?
C-LTMRs and A-delta-LTMRs (the lances interdigitate with each other)
37
which LTMRs respond to indentations?
A-beta SAI-LTMRs
38
which LTMRs respond to movement of the hairs?
- A-beta RA-LTMRs - A-delta-LTMRs (show preference for one direction of movement) - C-LTMRs
39
which LTMRs respond to skin stroke?
all (but especially A-beta field-LTMRs)
40
which LTMRs have small receptive fields?
A-beta SAI-LTMRs
41
which LTMRs have mid-size receptive fields?
- A-beta RA-LTMRs - A-delta-LTMRs - C-LTMRs
42
which LTMRs have large receptive fields?
- A-beta field receptors
43
responds to whisker touch when an animal moves their whiskers (whisking)
merkel disks
44
what type of stimuli do free nerve endings respond to?
temperature, pain, and itch (pruriception)
45
a tetrameric channel where each subunit has six transmembrane segments and has ankyrin repeats
TRP channels
46
influence TRP channels in free nerve endings
GPCRs
47
list the major molecules released by GPCRs to influence TRP channels
- bradykinin (BR2) - histamine (H1R) - serotonin (5HTR)
48
where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons found?
dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
49
where are sensory neurons that detect pain and temperature found in the spinal cord?
lamina II
50
where are sensory neurons that detect touch found in the spinal cord?
lamina III and IV
51
where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons in the head?
other ganglia (ex: trigeminal ganglion)
52
both nociceptors and TRP channels themselves are:
polymodal
53
a family of adaptor proteins that link integral membrane proteins to the submembranous cytoskeleton
ankyrin
54
what do proprioceptors detect?
limb position and movement
55
a sensory receptor located near the junction of a muscle and tendon, responding to muscle tension and playing a role in transmitting the magnitude of contractile force during movement
golgi tendon organ
56
muscle spindles consist of:
8-10 intrafusal muscle fibers
57
what are the main types of intrafusal muscle fibers?
Ia and II
58
part of the muscle spindle which detects the rate of change of muscle length (dynamic contraction)
Ia intrafusal fibers
59
part of the muscle spindle which maintains muscle length (static)
Ia and II
60
what types of nerve fibers are found in the golgi tendon organ?
Ib
61
what is the difference between the golgi tendon organ and the muscle spindles?
- the muscle spindle system is a feedback system that monitors and maintains muscle length - the Golgi tendon system is a feedback system that monitors and maintains muscle force (tension)
62
what types of channels do the golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles have?
both have Piezo 2 channels
63
group I and II afferents from the golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles target the _____ of the spinal cord
ventral horn
64
what are the two major tracks that carry somatosensory information to the brain?
- medial lemniscal track - spinothalamic track
65
what type of sensory information is carried by the medial lemniscal track?
touch/proprioception
66
what type of sensory information is carried by the spinothalamic track?
pain and temperature
67
in the medial lemniscal track, information from primary afferents travels up the spinal cord in the:
dorsal column nuclei
68
list the steps that information travels through the medial lemniscal pathway
- first order neurons enter the spinal cord and travel up the dorsal column nuclei on the ipsilateral side - first order neurons synapse onto second order neurons in the medulla - second order neurons travel to the thalamus where they synapse with third order neurons - third order neurons enter the somatosensory cortex
69
list the steps that information travels through the spinothalamic track
- first order neurons enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and synapse onto second order neurons - the second order neurons cross to the contralateral side of the spinal cord and travel up the lateral spinothalamic tract, through the medulla, and into the thalamus - the second order neurons in the thalamus synapse onto third order neurons and then travel up to the somatosensory cortex
70
true or false: the thalamus and somatosensory cortex are organized into tonotopic maps
true
71
how is the somatosensory cortex organized into a somatotopic map?
with a homulculus (overrepresentation of 'important' tactile areas)
72
why is Penfield's humunculus map wrong?
he did his study on epileptic brains, and it is possible that epileptic brains have different organization
73
in rats, each whisker is represented by _____ in the somatosensory cortex
it's own "barrel"
74
how much of the rat somatosensory cortex is "barrel" cortex
>50%
75
how many movable appendages does the star-nosed mole have?
11
76
which part of the start nosed mole has the largest representation in the somatosensory cortex?
the 11 face appendages
77
which part of the naked mole rat has the largest representation in the somatosensory cortex?
the incisors (~31%)

ZOOL 342 (15 decks)

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