1. Introduction

Question 1

what are the three main functions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

• controls and coordinates other organs and systems in the body
• allows us to sense our environment and make decisions based on what is tells us
• controls and coordinates our muscles and movements

Question 2

what are the two main cell types found in the nervous system?

Answer 2

neurons and glial cells

Question 3

throughout evolution there have been trends towards:

Answer 3

1) bilateral symmetry
2) specialized function of individual neurons
3) cephalization

Question 4

what type of symmetry does the CNS have?

Answer 4

bilateral symmetry

Question 5

in arthropods, each segment of the ventral nerve cord houses:

Answer 5

one ganglion

Question 6

in the spinal cord, cell bodies are found in the in the _____, and they are not _____

Answer 6

gray matter, myelinated

Question 7

what makes white matter white?

Answer 7

because of the myelinated axons

Question 8

how many segments are in the cervical region of the spinal cord?

Answer 8

eight

Question 9

how many segments are in the thoracic region of the spinal cord?

Answer 9

12

Question 10

how many segments are in the lumbar region of the spinal cord?

Answer 10

5

Question 11

how many segments are in the sacral region of the spinal cord?

Answer 11

5

Question 12

how many segments are in the coccygeal region of the spinal cord?

Answer 12

1

Question 13

which parts of the spinal cord receive sympathetic nerves?

Answer 13

the thoracic and lumbar (L1-L3) regions

Question 14

what are the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 14

somatic and visceral/autonomic

Question 15

• involves all spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints and muscles
• under voluntary control
• motor neuron cell bodies (spinal cord)
• sensory neuron cell bodies (dorsal root ganglion)
  these are all characteristics of the:

Answer 15

somatic nervous system

Question 16

• neurons that innervate internal organs, blood vessels, glands
• control smooth muscle in blood vessels, intestines, cardiac muscle
  these are all chracteristics of the:

Answer 16

visceral/autonomic nervous system

Question 17

the _____ motor system controls skeletal muscle while the _____ motor system controls involuntary functions mediated by smooth muscle, cardiac fibers, and glands

Answer 17

somatic, visceral/autonomic

Question 18

the major controlling centres of the visceral/autonomic motor system is the:

Answer 18

hypothalamus and brainstem tegmentum

Question 19

located outside of the spinal cord and extend from the uppermost thoracic segments (T1) to the upper lumbar segments (L3)

Answer 19

sympathetic ganglia

Question 20

sympathetic ganglia hose the cell bodies of sympathetic (postganglionic) motor neurons that:

Answer 20

innervate smooth muscle, cardiac, muscle, and glands

Question 21

sympathetic ganglia are located close to the:

Answer 21

spinal cord

Question 22

sympathetic preganglionic neurons use _____ as a neurotransmitter

Answer 22

acetylcholine

Question 23

sympathetic postganglionic neurons use _____ as a neurotransmitter at their _____

Answer 23

norepinephrine, peripheral targets

Question 24

activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to:

Answer 24

• pupil dilation and eyelid retraction
• constriction of blood vessels in the skin and gut
• hair standing on end
• bronchi dilation
• heart rate acceleration
• stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 25

parasympathetic ganglia are located close to the:

Answer 25

peripheral target tissue (further away from the spinal cord than sympathetic ganglia)

Question 26

the parasympathetic ganglia receive information from the ____ and ____ parts of the spinal cord

Answer 26

brainstem (CN III, VII, I, and X), sacral (S2, 3, and 4)

Question 27

parasympathetic ganglia house the cell bodies of motor neurons that innervate:

Answer 27

smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands

Question 28

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons use _____ as a transmitter

Answer 28

acetylcholine

Question 29

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons use _____ as a transmitter at their peripheral target

Answer 29

acetylcholine

Question 30

activation of the parasympathetic system leads to:

Answer 30

- pupil constriction - dilation of blood vessels in the skin and gut - bronchi constriction - heart rate slowing

Question 31

the brain has three major parts:

Answer 31

the borebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Question 32

what are the five subdivisions of the brain?

Answer 32

- telencephalon - diencephalon - mesencephalon - myelencephalon

Question 33

both mammals and birds have large:

Answer 33

forebrains and cerebellums

Question 34

the lobes of the brain are named after:

Answer 34

the bones they lie under

Question 35

marks the posterior boundary of the frontal lobe

Answer 35

the central sulcus

Question 36

what are the four main features of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 36

1) cell bodies of cortical neurons are arranged in layers or sheets 2) layer of neurons closest to the surface is separated from the pia mater by a zone that lacks neurons 3) at least one cell layer contains pyramidal cells that emit large dendrites that extend up to layer one 4) there are different types of cortex based on architecture

Question 37

a cytoarchitectural map of the neocortex distinguishes many different:

Answer 37

zones or "areas" that serve different functions

Question 38

produces the myelin sheath that surrounds axons in the peripheral nervous system (one cell furnishes one small axon segment)

Answer 38

Schwann cells

Question 39

produces the myelin sheath that surrounds axons in the central nervous system (one cell furnishes the axons of many neurons)

Answer 39

oligodendrocytes

Question 40

the most numerous of the glia with irregular star-shaped bodies with long processes called endfeet

Answer 40

astrocytes

Question 41

these cells contact the surface of neurons, blood vessels, and endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier

Answer 41

astrocytes