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ZOOL 342 > 7. Audition > Flashcards

7. Audition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major purpose of the vestibular system?

A

balance and movement

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2
Q

mechanoreceptors that respond to gravity, movement, vibration, and pressure

A

hair cells

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3
Q

where are hair cells found in fish/amphibians, and what do they do?

A

the lateral line, detect changes in vibrations and pressure

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4
Q

where are hair cells found in mammals, and what do they do?

A

the vestibular apparatus (gravity and movement), and the cochlea (sound)

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5
Q

detects movement of water, pressure changes, and vibrations; helpful for schooling behaviour and prey capture

A

the lateral line system

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6
Q

the anterior end of the lateral line evolved into the:

A

inner ear

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7
Q

true or false: all hair cell bundles contain a true kinocillium

A

false

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8
Q

what happens to the kinocillium during development of cochlear hair cells?

A

the kinocillium disappears

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9
Q

where are cilia the longest?

A

in the vestibular canals (high frequency sounds)

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10
Q

where are cilia shortest?

A

at the base of the cochlea (low frequency sounds)

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11
Q

sterocilia contain ____ to make them rigid, but bend at the base

A

actin

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12
Q

what makes kinocilium different from stereocilia?

A

they are taller and differ slightly in protein structure

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13
Q

connect the tops of each sterocilium with the adjacent larger cilium, and are aligned along the axis of the hair bundle

A

tip-links

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14
Q

do hair cells have axons?

A

no, but they release glutamate to sensory afferents

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15
Q

which neurotransmitter is released by hair cells?

A

glutamate

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16
Q

what type of synapses are associated with hair cells?

A

ribbon synapses

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17
Q

an ongoing relase of glutamate from hair cells is due to the actions of:

A

L-type Ca++ channels (long opening, little inactivation)

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18
Q

which neurotransmitter is associated with efferent inputs to hair cells?

A

acetylcholine

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19
Q

true or false: the efferent nerve fibers that synapse onto hair cells can be excitatory or inhibitory

A

true

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20
Q

what type of movement depolarizes hair cells?

A

movement toward the kinocilium

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21
Q

what type of movement hyperpolarizes hair cells?

A

movement away from the kinocilium

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22
Q

displacements as small as ____ can be detected?

A

1nm (causes 0.2mV change in the hair cell)

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23
Q

channels near the tip links which open as they stretch

A

mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channels

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24
Q

when MET channels open, which cations open in order to depolarize the hair cell?

A

K+ ions

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25
why is it that K+ depolarizes hair cells instead of hyperpolarizing them?
the cilia are found within the endolymph, which contains a high concentration of K+, thus K+ will rush into the hair cells when channels open
26
structure of the inner ear important for angular accelerations of the head (rotation)
semicircular canals
27
what are the two otolith organs?
the utricle and saccule
28
contain calcium carbonate crystals and are involved in linear accelerations of the head (including gravity)
otolith organs (utricle and saccule)
29
which of the otolith organs is aligned on the sagittal plane?
the saccule
30
which of the otolith organs is aligned on the horizontal plane?
utricle
31
how many types of vestibular hair cells are there?
two
32
an afferent nerve ending which encases type I hair cells
calyx endings
33
type of afferent nerve ending that synapses with type II hair cells
Bouton-type afferent ending
34
where does the efferent nerve fiber synapse at the type I hair cells?
on the calyx endings
35
which type of hair cell has more cilia?
type I (almost twice as many)
36
what type of synapses are found on hair cells?
ribbon synapses
37
what are the three types of afferents associated with hair cells?
- calyx (type I) - bouton-type (type II) - dimorphic (type I and II)
38
which type of afferent nerve fibers are found near the striola (between the utricle and saccule)?
calyx (type I) afferents
39
which type of afferent nerve fibers are found distally from the striola?
bouton-type (type II) afferents
40
which type of afferent nerve fibers are found throughout the macular surface?
dimorphic (type I and II) afferents
41
has one branch that forms a calyx and another that forms a bouton
dimorphic afferents
42
gelatinous mass of protein plus calcium carbonate crystals
otoconia
43
the otoconia has inertia, thus, the hair cells in the utricle and saccule can be activated by:
linear accelerations (including gravity)
44
otolith organs respond to:
linear movements
45
linear translation in the direction opposite the kinocilium will:
depolarize the hair cell
46
the saccule is oriented in the _____ plane
vertical sagittal
47
what direction do the kinocilia point in the saccule?
away from the striola
48
kinocilia in the saccule are depolarized by what kind of motion?
upward motion of the head
49
the utricle is oriented in the _____ plane
horizontal
50
what direction do the kinocilia point in the utricle?
towards the striola
51
kinocilia in the utricle are depolarized by what kind of motion?
right/leftward motion
52
what are the three semicircular canals of the ears?
- anterior canal - posterior canal - horizontal canal
53
which semicircular canal(s) are oriented in a vertical plane, 45 degrees to the midline
the anterior and posterior canal
54
which semicircular canal(s) are oriented in the horizontal plane?
the horizontal canal
55
the semicircular canals respond to:
rotation of the head
56
go review slides 429-430
scooby dooby do
57
where in the semicircular canals are hair cells located?
the ampulla
58
true or false: all hair cells are oriented in the same direction (in each ampulla)
true
59
by what mechanism do semicircular canals work?
they work as antagonistic push-pull pairs (as one turns on, the other turns off)
60
how does leftward rotation of the head affect hair cells?
excites hair cells of the left horizontal canal and inhibits hair cells of the right horizontal canal
61
causes contractions of CN III and IV to move the eyes in the opposite direction of movement in the head
the vestibulo-ocular reflex
62
frequencies below 20Hz are known as:
infrasound
63
frequencies above 20kHz are known as:
ultrasound
64
what is the human hearing frequency range?
~31Hz-19kHz
65
what are the three major components of the mammalian outer ear?
- pinna(e) - auditory canal - tympanic membrane (eardrum)
66
how many times has the tympanic membrane evolved in vertebrates?
three
67
do invertebrates have a tympanal organ?
yes (often on the legs)
68
what are the major components of the mammalian middle ear?
- auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) - oval window
69
which is more efficient: mammalian or reptile middles ears?
mammalian (three bone system instead of one bone)
70
in reptiles, the length of the _____ is correlated with the frequency range
basilar papilla
71
the basilar papilla in reptiles is equivalent to _____ in mammals
the cochlea
72
cochlear hair cells lack a true:
kinocillium
73
what shape do the outer hair cells form in the cochlea?
a V formation (like migrating birds)
74
what shape do the inner hair cells form in the cochlea?
a shallow semi-circle
75
which of the cochlear hair cells are most susceptible to damage from loud noises and infections?
the outer hair cells
76
go review slide 448
jinkies
77
structure that supports the hair cells and moves in response to changes in vibrations
basilar membrane
78
the tips of the hair cells are embedded in the:
tectorial membrane
79
what are the three major chambers of the cochlea?
- scala vestibuli - scala media (where all the magic happens) - scala tympani
80
afferent nerve fibers in the cochlea synapse mostly onto:
inner hair cells
81
acetylcholine efferent nerve fibers in the cochlea synapse mostly onto:
outer hair cells
82
how do sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate?
1) sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate 2) vibrations transferred to the ossicles 3) oval window moves in and out, resulting in a wave forming in the perilymph 4) wave moves the basilar membrane
83
which chamber(s) of the cochlea are filled with perilymph?
the vestibular duct (scala vestibuli) and the tympanic duct (scala tympani)
84
which chamber(s) of the cochlea are filled with endolymph?
the cochlear duct (aka scala media)
85
frequency is represented along the basilar membrane in a:
tonotopic map (low frequency at the base, high frequency at the apex)
86
when the basilar membrane vibrates the hairs are sheared by:
the tectorial membrane
87
auditory nerve fibers respond best to:
a characteristic frequency
88
act as a "cochlear amplifier"
outer hair cells
89
what happens to hearing responses when the outer hair cells are knocked down?
get dampened deflection of the basilar membrane
90
healthy basilar membranes show that the outer hair cells respond to sound by:
changing length (electromotility)
91
when depolarized, the outer hair cells contract which pulls on the:
tectorial membrane, shearing the inner hair cells even more
92
what happens to the outer hair cells when they are hyperpolarized?
they lengthen
93
a voltage-sensitive motor protein that helps the hair cells change shape and pulls on the basilar and/or tectorial membrane
prestin
94
activation of the outer hair cells increases activity of:
the inner hair cells
95
what is the effect of acetylcholine efferents from the medial superior olive on the outer hair cells?
inhibits the outer hair cells
96
what is the role of ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors in efferent nerve fibers?
- allows passage of cations (Ca++) - responsible for initial transient depolarization
97
go review slide 463
this one is important for the exam
98
go review slides 464-466
there's no way I'm writing all that down
99
what is sound localization based on?
the difference in time and intensity at the two ears - inter-aural time difference (ITD) - inter-aural intensity difference (IID)
100
what is the acoustic shadow?
accounts for the inter-aural intensity difference, a sound is not as loud in one ear as it is in the others because the head blocks the sound wave
101
sound reaches one ear first
the inter-aural time differene (ITD)
102
the inter-aural intensity difference (IID) is dependent on:
frequency (low frequency goes around the head, high frequency bounces off the head)
103
a hypothetical model for how the brain computes the inter-aural time difference (ITD) where the brain contains rows of coincidence detectors, and the cells within these rows only fire if they receive input from both ears
the Jeffress circuit (if you can't visualize go see slide 469)
104
which part of the brain detects the inter-aural time difference?
the medial superior olive (MSO)
105
what part of the brain detects the inter-aural intensity difference?
the lateral superior olive (LSO)
106
what type of cells are found in the lateral superior olive?
excitatory and inhibitory (neurons are excited by signals from the ipsilateral ear and inhibited by signals from the contralateral ear)

ZOOL 342 (15 decks)

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