8. Remembering Brain I

Question 1

What is the function-structure relationship?

Answer 1

• dont match up
• one function can rely on multiple structures
• one structure can have multiple functions

Question 2

The two types of declarative memory

Answer 2

Episodic (events) and semantic (facts)

Question 3

brain region involved in episodic and semantic memory

Answer 3

medial temporal lobe (MTL)

Question 4

basal ganglia involved in which type of memory?

Answer 4

Procedural memory

Question 5

brain region involved in conditioned responses in memory

Answer 5

cerebellum

Question 6

nonassociation learning (eg habituation) involves what pathways

Answer 6

reflex pathways

Question 7

The entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices can be grouped as the:

Answer 7

parahippocampal gyrus

Question 8

made up of the dentate gyrus, Cornu Ammonis, and subiculum

Answer 8

Hippocampus

Question 9

what is the loop of information flow between the MTL regions?

Answer 9

info from brain –> perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices –> entorhinal cortex –> hippocampus –> entorhinal –> rest of MTL and brain

Question 10

patient HM could learn motor skills with no recollection of doing them. This shows that:

Answer 10

procedural and declarative memory are separate

Question 11

anterograde amnesia:

Answer 11

cant make new memories. Old memories intact

Question 12

retrograde amnesia:

Answer 12

cant remember memories from before amnesia

Question 13

following HM’s bilateral medial temporal lobectomy, what types of deficits did he experience?

Answer 13

• minor retrograde amnesia
• severe anterograde amnesia
• implicit procedural LTM fine, but not explicit - mirror drawing task

Question 14

vlPFC and MTL (left) could predict what in the subsequent memory paradigm?

Answer 14

whether stimuli would be later forgotten or remembered (predictive)

Question 15

Familiarity

Answer 15

sense that stimulus has been encountered before but no extra information recalled

Question 16

Recollection:

Answer 16

remembering the context or associations of a stimulus you previously encountered. Can be recalled.

Question 17

in the model by Eichenbaum in which the MTL supports familiarity and recollection differently, what does the perihinal, parahippocampal and hippocampal support?

Answer 17

Perirhinal: familiarity

parahippocampal: context
hippocampus: coherent recollection

Question 18

Evidence for different MTL regions being involved in familiarity and recollection?

Answer 18

Ranganath:

• perhirhinal cortex predicted the memory confidence judgement: familiarity
• hippocampus predicted the source judgement: recollection

Question 19

In early AD patients, which regions are first affected and what effect does this have on familiarity vs recollection?

Answer 19

• entorhinal and hippocampus go first - loss of recollection and navigation
• rest of MTL okay so feel familiarity for faces and places

Question 20

What is Ribot’s Law and what theory of consolidation does it support?

Answer 20

• memory loss follows a temporal gradient (oldest memories easiest to recall, recent hardest)
• standard consolidation theory

Question 21

standard consolidation theory

Answer 21

hippocampus has a temporary role in storing memories

Question 22

multiple trace theory

Answer 22

hippocampus has a permanent role in memory

• episodic (context rich) always rely on hippocampus
• semantic rely less on hippocampus with time

Question 23

Support for the standard consolidation model from semantic dementia patients

Answer 23

have damage to regions of the cortex, so hippocampus intact. Therefore can remember newer memories, but not old ones which have been consolidated and moved to cortex

Question 24

Support from AD patients for the standard consolidation model

Answer 24

damaged hippocampus, meaning can access old memories (no longer dependent on hippocampus) via Ribot’s Law. Recent memories not accessible

Question 25

Evidence from fMRI for the multiple trace theory

Answer 25

Hippocampus more activated for vividness of memory, regardless of how old it was

Question 26

T or F, consolidation can be thought of as transferring memories from episodic (context rich) to semantic (less context) in multiple trace model

Answer 26

True

Question 27

rats with __ (hippocampal/cortex) damage are impaired on the water maze task. Those with __ (h/c) are spared.

Answer 27

• hippocampus

- cortex

Question 28

food storing birds and london cabbies both have larger

Answer 28

hippocampi

Question 29

Briefly describe what place, grid and boundary/border cells of hippocampi do

Answer 29

• place: each represents diff location in 2D environment (place field)
• grid: creates grid/sketch of 2D environ
• boundary: fires at boundaries