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Cognitive Neuroscience > 3. Music and the Brain > Flashcards

3. Music and the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Attracting mates, social cohesion, and being a precursor for language are all functions of

A

Music

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2
Q

Function of the outer ear (pinna and ear canal)

A
  • amplify frequencies and transport vibrations

- locate sound on the vertical plane

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3
Q

Converting air vibrations into liquid vibrations are functions of

A

The middle ear: malleus, incus and stapes bones

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4
Q

Converting liquid vibrations to neural signals via hair cells is the function of the:

A

inner ear/cochlea

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5
Q

Name the connections (4) from the ear to primary auditory cortex?

A

Auditory cortex –> superior olive –> inferior colliculus –> medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus –> A1

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6
Q

is in the temporal lobe, on Heschl’s gyrus, arranged tonotopically by frequency

A

Primary auditory cortex

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7
Q

The end of the basilar membrane nearest the oval window is __ (narrow + stiff, wide + flexible) and deflects most to __ (high/low) frequency sound waves

A
  • narrow and stiff

- high frequency

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8
Q

The secondary auditory cortices are called what, and where are they located

A

The belt and parabelt regions

- planum polare and planum temporale

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9
Q

Central neurons in the auditory cortex respond more to __ (high/low) frequencies. Peripheral neurons respond more to __ (high/low) frequencies.

A

Low

High

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10
Q

Why is music useful for studying cognition?

A

It engages many cognitive processes

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11
Q

This side of A1 is more sensitive to spatial properties of sound

A

Right auditory cortex

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12
Q

Brain region needed for auditory perception and sound analysis of music

A

primary auditory cortex

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13
Q

brain region responsible for memory and associations of music

A

association cortex in parietal and parabelt regions

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14
Q

brain region responsible for expectancy generation in music

A

prefrontal cortex

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15
Q
  • Notes that, when played together, sound right

- notes that clash when played together

A
  • consonance

- dissonance

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16
Q

True or false, different cultures organise pitch differently. Eg in west, each octave (C to C) has 12 notes, with the difference between black and white keys being semitones

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What is the only universal pitch organisation

A

Pentatonic Scale

18
Q

True or false, infants from 4-6 months don’t have preference for consonance and cannot notice if music is going up or down (contour)

A

FALSE

19
Q

True or false, being able to distinguish rhythms begins from 3 days old

A

TRUE

20
Q

Due to positive mood changes it brings, listening to Mozart leads to better performance on spatial ability tests eg paper cutting/folding. This is known as

A

The Mozart Effect

21
Q

Congenital amusia results in a deficit of __ perception. they usually perform normally in __ perception

A
  • Pitch - needs to be a larger difference for them to hear

- Rhythm

22
Q

What was the ability of patient Monica in terms of her pitch perception

A

Could detect a pitch change of 11 semitones, only if the pitch was going up

23
Q

True or false, most amusics have problems with pitch going either up or down, affecting small changes (between semitones)

A

TRUE

24
Q

Amusics are impaired, compared to controls, on what experimental paradigm. What conclusion can be drawn from this

A

The tone span

- difficulty with pitch memory

25
Q

What brain changes occur in amusics between frontal and temporal lobes? Any particular regions affected? Any changes to auditory cortex?

A
  • decreased white matter between frontal and temporal. Impaired Arcuate Fasciculus tract between the two.
  • Broca’s and Wernicke’s affected
  • increased Grey matter in A1
26
Q

Which ERP wave is associated with violations in musical key AND syntactic violations, and is much smaller in amusics?

A

P600

27
Q

N200 peak is present in processing of what in music?

A

quarter tones

28
Q

This ERG wave is associated with semantic violations in language

A

N400

29
Q

The hypothesis that syntax and music share common brain circuits, specifically in the left inferior frontal cortex, is known as

A

The shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis SSIRH

30
Q

How do amusics perform, compared to controls, when presented with sentences that sound emotional (despite words being neutral)

A

Amusics were less likely to be able to identify the emotion, aside from fear (evolutionary)

31
Q

What musical sensation leads to activation of the ventral tegmentum, forebrain, orbitofrontal and nucleus accumbens, and a decrease in ___?

A
  • the chills/euphoria

- the amygdala - this may be due to anticipating the chills (seen in drug abuse)

32
Q

What uniquely human musical behaviour activates the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and SMA

A

Keeping a beat

33
Q

Vocal learning

A

Can produce and imitate complex sound patterns based on hearing them

34
Q

What brain region enables us to move to the beat of music

A

The basal ganglia

35
Q

After being trained in a simple melody, what brain activity did Baumann et al 2005 find? What about when asked to play the tune?

A
  • Activation of A1 and motor cortex - SMA to anticipate how to play it
  • activation of the premotor and primary motor cortex as well as A1
36
Q

When playing music, the motor cortex moves the hands, and feedback is brought from __, which then sends information to __ to adjust the playing.

A
  • A1

- somatosensory cortex

37
Q

Ohinishi found that musical experts had differences in which brain regions, on which side of the brain, compared to just bilateral A1 activation in non-musicians?

A

dorsolateral PFC and Planum temporale - near Broca’s and Wernicke’s for speech production and comprehension

38
Q

This side of which brain region is more sensitive to spatial properties of sound

A

right A1

39
Q

Expectancy generation is controlled in this brain region

A

prefrontal cortex

40
Q

Hippocampus is responsible for what in music

A

memorisation and reciting lyrics/memories

41
Q

P600 in amusic patients

A

smaller than in controls following musical key violation

42
Q

hypothesis that syntax of language and music share common circuits in the frontal brain regions

A

shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis (SSIRH)

Cognitive Neuroscience (8 decks)

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