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Cognitive Neuroscience > 1. The Lesioned Brain > Flashcards

1. The Lesioned Brain Flashcards

1
Q

TMS uses electromagnetic induction to:

A

disrupt brain activity via neural noise. If the neurons are needed for a cognitive function, it will be disrupted

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2
Q

What can TMS tell us

A

if certain neural regions and needed for a specific task

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3
Q

Being able to control the location affected, being transient/reversible, and providing a causal link between brain regions and behaviour are advantages of which brain technique

A

TMS

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4
Q

brain activity in a control task is subtracted from activity in an experimental task

A

Cognitive subtraction

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5
Q

How do you generate an ERP

A

measure populations of neurons producing electric field at scalp (EEG). Average these and link to stimulus onset to get ERP.

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6
Q

What does cognitive subtraction show?

A

a brain region that is active in a certain condition relative to another

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7
Q

A form of TES, tDCS can increase or decrease firing of neurons. Anodal stimulation has __ (excitatory/inhibitory) effects by inhibiting __ (GABA/Glutamate)

A
  • excitatory

- GABA

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8
Q

In tDCS, cathodal stimulation leads to __ (excitation/inhibition), by inhibiting (GABA/Glutamate)?

A
  • inhibition

- Glutamate

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9
Q

TMS involves disrupting neuronal firing leading to task disruption. TES, on the other hand, affects neurons by:

A

changing neuronal excitability, modulation.

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10
Q

This type of TES uses low level alternating current between anode and cathode to synchronise brain rhythms/cause phase locking

A

tACS

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11
Q

Name the type of neuropsychology: what function is disrupted by damage to region X? Functional specialisation.

A

Classical neuropsychology

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12
Q

Name the type of neuropsychology: can a particular function be spared/impaired relative to others? Single case methodology.

A

Cognitive neuropsychology

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13
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A
  • blood clot
  • lack of blood and O2 to brain
  • cells die
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14
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A
  • bleeding into brain
  • weakened blood vessels
  • neurons die
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15
Q

Patient is impaired on task X, but spared on task Y. What is this? What about if they’re normal on task Y?

A
  • Single dissociation

- classical single dissociation

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16
Q

Patient is impaired on task X and Y, but significantly more impaired on task X. This is:

A
  • strong single dissociation
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17
Q

Double dissociation

A

Patient is impaired on X but not Y. Another patient, with different injury, is impaired on Y but not X.

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18
Q

What type of dissociation can rule out task-resource artifacts (patient misunderstanding task or using wrong strategy)

A

Double dissociation

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19
Q

Can be grouped by syndrome, behavioural symptoms, or lesion locations

A

Group studies

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20
Q

alpha band oscillations in ERP have been linked to which cognitive process?

A

Attention and filtering irrelevant information.

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21
Q

Gamma band oscillations in tACS have been linked to:

A

lucid dreaming

22
Q

What type of imaging is based on the fact that different types of tissue (e.g., skull, gray matter, white matter, cerebrospinal fluid) have different physical properties.

A

Structural imaging - MRI, CT

23
Q

This type of imaging measures temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing; the most common method is fMRI and is based on a hemodynamic measure.

A

Functional imaging

24
Q

This type of imaging measures spatial, permanent characteristics of the brain

A

Structural imaging - eg MRI and CT

25
Q

The ERP wave N170 and P300 are associated with processing of what?

A

N170 - face processing

P300 - famous faces

26
Q

Biomarker for AD from ERP technique

A

Reduced P300 wave

27
Q

This imaging technique measures magnetic fields using SQUIDs, is non invasive, has good temporal AND spatial resolution

A

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

28
Q

This technique measures local blood flow, radioactive tracer attached to glucose which decays and emits a positron

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

29
Q

Measures deoxyhaemoglobin (BOLD response), change in BOLD over time, voxels (volume pixels) has high spatial and low temporal resolution

A

fMRI

30
Q

This scanning technique measures white matter organisation by assessing the diffusion of water from the axons

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

31
Q

What can you group patients by in group studies

A
  • syndrome
  • behaviour
  • lesion location
32
Q

measures brain activity based on blood volume

A

PET

33
Q

This technique has a limited temporal capacity but very good spatial resolution

A

fMRI

34
Q

Describe single cell recording and its limitation

A
  • electrode inserted into axon or just outside axon membrane
  • can be done in conscious animals due to absence of pain receptors
  • stimulus presented to visual field. if in neurons RF, neuron will fire and get electrical signal
  • cant be done in humans
35
Q

EEG measures changes in __ between electrodes

A

potential difference/voltage

36
Q

How many electrodes are in an EEG system and how are they named?

A
  • 10-20

- letters correspond to location: X frontal, P parietal, O Occipital, C central

37
Q

ERP peak for faces

A

N170

38
Q

ERP peak for familiar or famous faces

A

P300

39
Q

ERP peak range where name of a person is recalled

A

P400-P600

40
Q

A potential biomarker of AD obtained by ERG

A

a decreased P300 peak

41
Q

fNIRS - what is it and limitation

A

light in the IR range is scattered differently by oxygenated vs deoxygenated haemoglobin
- cant see deeper structures

42
Q

what is iEEG/ECoG

A
  • grid of electrodes to map function placed in brain during neurosurgery
  • records electrical activity of many thousands of neurons
43
Q

The only imaging technique with very high resolution in spatial and temporal

A

iEEG or ECoG

44
Q

Advantages of TMS

A
  • virtual lesion technique
  • reversible and transient
  • controllable location
  • provides causal link
  • can do within subjects design
45
Q

TMS to different sides of the brain in language lateralisation and degree of lateralisation showed that

A

disruption of language due to lesion is correlated with the degree and side of lateralisation

  • TMS to highly lateralised side = lower RT
  • TMS to less lateralised side = higher RT because more resources available for other side of brain
46
Q

What are the types of TES

A

tDCS, tACS and tRNS

47
Q

strong single dissociation

A

patient is impaired on both tasks, but significantly more impaired one one than the other

48
Q

when writing, omitted all vowels. Speechless but could use gestures. Name of patient and type of dissociation

A

patient CF, classical single dissociation

49
Q

what is the dissociations between LATL atrophy and RATL?

A

LATL patient equally impaired on social and nonsocial tasks. RATL patient sig more impaired on social, but still impaired on nonsocial

50
Q

Caramazza’s assumptions for cognitive neuropsychology single case studies

A
  • fractionation: damage –> selective cognitive lesions
  • transparency: lesion affects component of cognitive system but doesnt result in new. Can study the abnormal to understand normal
  • universality: all cognitive systems the same

Cognitive Neuroscience (8 decks)

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