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Environmental Science > 8. Notes and revision > Flashcards

8. Notes and revision Flashcards

1
Q

Fertility rate

A

Fertility rate is the number of births per thousand women of child- bearing age

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2
Q

Crude birth rate (CBR)

A

Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per thousand individuals in a population per year.

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3
Q

Crude death rate (CDR)

A
  • Crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per thousand individuals in a population per year.
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4
Q

Natural increase rate (NIR)

A

Natural increase rate (NIR) is the rate of human growth expressed as a percentage change per year

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5
Q

Natural increase rate calculate

A

Natural increase rate = (Crude birth rate - crude death rate) / 10 (migration is ignored)

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6
Q

Doubling time (DT)

A
  • Doubling time (DT) is the time in years that it takes for a population to double in size.
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7
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children each woman has over her lifetime.

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8
Q

Measures of total human population change are and definitions:

A

Measures of total human population change are:

  • Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per thousand individuals in a population per year.
  • Crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per thousand individuals in a population per year.
  • Natural increase rate (NIR) is the rate of human growth expressed as a percentage change per year.

Natural increase rate = (Crude birth rate - crude death rate) / 10 (migration is ignored)

  • Doubling time (DT) is the time in years that it takes for a population to double in size.
  • The doubling time for a population is 70 / NIR.

Another way to measure births is the:
* Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children each woman has over her lifetime.

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9
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of the ‘well-being’ of a country.

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10
Q

Comparison of MEDCs and LEDCs

A
  1. triangle
  2. bigger triangle
  3. semi circle
  4. oval
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11
Q

Demography

A

Demography is the study of the statistical characteristics of human populations, eg total size, age and sex composition

and changes over time with variations in birth and death rates.

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12
Q

Malthusian theory

A

Malthusian believed that the human population was a j curve and soon population growth will strip food supply when its past carrying capacity needing a reduce in population size.
wrote an essay predicting fate of humanity

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13
Q

Boserup’s theory

A

she believed that even past carrying capacity humans would find a way of getting food and there was no need to reduce the population

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14
Q

Why do people have large families?

A

Security in old age
Unavailability of contraceptives
Children are an economic asset

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15
Q

How to control population growth

A

Education on famlily planing
Provides Contraceptives
Build infrastructure like schols for women

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16
Q

demographic transition model (DTM)

A

The demographic transition model (DTM) is the pattern of decline in mortality and fertility of a developing country.

17
Q

Natural capital

A

Natural capital is a resource with economic value to humans.

18
Q

Natural income

A

Natural income is the yield from natural capital.

19
Q

Renewable natural capital

A

Renewable natural capital
can be replaced as fast as it is being used.

20
Q

Solid domestic waste (SDW)

A

Solid domestic waste (SDW) is trash, garbage, rubbish from residential and urban areas.

21
Q

Type of sDW

A

Type of sDW
Biodegradable eg Food waste, paper, green waste

electronic

22
Q

Landfill

A

Landfill is when waste is taken to a site and buried there.

23
Q

Management strategies of sdw

A

3R’s
reuse
reduce
recycle
Separate waste to different types
Reclaim landfills

24
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of a species or ‘load’ that can be sustainably supported by a given area.

25
Q

Difficulties in measuring human carrying capacity

A

Humans use a wide range of resources
Humans import resources
Development in technology = development in resource use

26
Q

How to reduce the human carrying capacity

A

Reduce resources being used by using renewable resources
3Rs

27
Q

Ecological Footprints

A

The amount of water land needed to sustain a population

An ecological footprint (EF)
is the area of land and water required to support a defined human population at a given standard of living.

28
Q

what does the EF model predict

A

EF is a model used to estimate the demands that human populations place on the environment.

Environmental Science (16 decks)

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