6. notes and revision

Question 1

Atmosphere

Answer 1

this is a mixture of gases surrounding the planet held by gravity.

Question 2

Ozone

Answer 2

This is a gas made up of three oxygen atoms

Question 3

Stratospheric ozone

Answer 3

This is the ozone that exists above the earth and protects us from UV rays from the sun. It is good ozone.

Question 4

How is stratospheric ozone formed

Answer 4

When UV is absorbed, oxygen molecules are split into oxygen atoms. These oxygen atoms react with oxygen molecules to form stratospheric ozone.

Question 5

Advantages of UV rays

Answer 5

Stimulates production of vitamin D
Used in lasers

Question 6

examples of Ozone depleting substances

Answer 6

CFCs, HCFCs, Halons
CFCs eg refridgerators, pesticides, spray cans; they all release a chlorine that depletes ozone
Nitrogen oxides; from intensive farming with nitrates

Question 7

Disadvantages of UV rays

Answer 7

cataract eyes
skin cancer
destroy phytoplanton

Question 8

The montreal protocol

Answer 8

The Montreal Protocol was an international agreement made by the UN after the discovery of the ozone hole in Antarctica. This treaty was an agreement by countries to phase out the use of ozone depleting substances eg cfcs

Question 9

the ozone hole

Answer 9

The ozone hole was a large area above the the stratosphere over antarctica with a large depleted ozone hole.

Question 10

Urban air pollution

Answer 10

This is when harmful substances contaminate the atmosphere resulting from urbanisation.

Question 11

Primary pollution

Answer 11

This is when pollutants are emitted directly from a process.

Question 12

Secondary pollution

Answer 12

This is when a primary pollutant reacts with other chemicals already in the atmosphere.

Question 13

examples of secondary pollutants

Answer 13

Trapospheric ozone
sulfur dioxide
nitrogen dioxide

Question 14

Tropospheric ozone

Answer 14

Tropospheric ozone is ozone on the ground-level of the Earth’s surface.

Question 15

Ozone GWP vs CO2s

Answer 15

Ozone is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 2000x of carbon.

Question 16

How is tropospheric ozone formed

Answer 16

Nitrogen oxides from burning fossils react with chemicals under sunlight producing tropospheric ozone

Question 17

Photochemical smog definition and formation

Answer 17

this is when a mixture of pollutants form a brownish haze and odor

it is formed when
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with chemicals in the atmosphere and combustion of fossil fuels produced by cars under the presence of sunlight

Question 18

Thermal inversion

Answer 18

this is when a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the surface of the earth enhancing photochemical smog

Question 19

what enhances photochemical smog

Answer 19

Thermal inversion

Question 20

Ways to reduce urban air pollution

Answer 20

ARR
Reduce combustion of fossil fuels
Renewable energies as an alternative
Legislation eg carbon tax
education to raise awareness
afforestation

Question 21

Acid deposition

Answer 21

Acid deposition is the coming down od acids in form of dry and wet deposition.

general term for acid coming down from the air. Often, the acid comes down in the form of rain (or snow), this is called wet deposition. Dry deposition is when the acid comes down as ash or dry particles.

Question 22

Acids

Answer 22

Acids are chemicals that prdduce h+.

are able to give a hydrogen ion (H+) away.

Question 23

Ph scale

Answer 23

it measures acidity.

increasing acidity 0 to 4
neutral 5 to 9
increasing alkalinity 9 to 14

Question 24

how are acids measure

Answer 24

The acidity of solutions is measured using the pH scale.

Question 25

Pollutants leading to acid deposition

Answer 25

sulfur dioxide
nitrogen oxide

Question 26

Sources of Pollutants leading to acid deposition

Answer 26

volcanic eruptions
lightening

Question 27

Effects of acid deposition

Answer 27

Trees are weakened and may die
Reduced PH in water killing aquatic life
reduced ph in soil reducing its ability to hold nutrients

Question 28

Pollution management strategies for acid deposition

Answer 28

rrr
Use alternatives to fossil fuels eg renewable energy
clean up and restoration
Legislation
Education