2. Notes and revision. Flashcards

Question

biomes

Answer 1

collections of ecosystems sharing similar characteristics

Answer 2

K for CARE eg humans, large mammals have small number of offspring most offspring survive parental care

Answer 3

eg invertebrates and fish produce large number of offsprinf most dont survive lay eggs and leave them reproduce quickly

Answer 4

measure of diversity taking int o account the number of species present Looks in notes for formula | N(N-1) / n(n-1)

Answer 5

measures population sizes of individual animal species ie capture, mark, release, recapture Disadavantages Marks could disappear its not easy to capture animals its traumatising for animals to be caught

Answer 6

**Tropical Rainforest:** High biodiversity (hotspot) Warm and wet climate Dense vegetation with layers Continuous growth and decomposition cycles **Desert:** Low precipitation Extreme temperature fluctuations Sparse vegetation, adapted to conserve water Sand dunes or rocky terrain **Taiga/Boreal Forest:** Low to moderate precipitation Long, cold winters and short summers Coniferous trees (e.g., pine, spruce, fir) Dense forests with acidic soil **Tundra:** Very low precipitation Permafrost (permanently frozen soil) Short growing season with cold temperatures Low-growing vegetation (e.g., mosses, lichens, shrubs)

Answer 7

This occurs on bare inorganic ground eg land after volcanic eruptions

Answer 8

**Bare inorganic ground** little soil and minerals **colonization** pioneer species colonize the area **establishment** species diversity increases and organisms start livivng in soil **competition** plants grow and pioneers die **stabilization** food webs establish **climax communtiy** maximum development

Answer 9

this is recovery occurs when an already established community has been destroyed but the soil still remains intact Secondary succession refers to the ecological process of vegetation recovery and ecosystem development in an area that has been disturbed or altered, but where the soil remains intact

Answer 10

These are species that colonize an area after a disturbance

Answer 11

is the biomass produced by primary producers before respiration.

Answer 12

Carbon Cycle: storages: atmosphere flows: photosynthesis human activities: combustion of fossil fuels Storages: Atmosphere (carbon dioxide) Terrestrial biosphere (plants, soil organic matter) Oceans (dissolved inorganic carbon, organic carbon) Flows: Photosynthesis (carbon uptake by plants) Respiration (carbon release by plants and animals) Decomposition (breakdown of organic matter by microbes) Combustion (burning of fossil fuels and biomass) Diffusion (exchange of carbon dioxide between air and water) Ocean-atmosphere exchange (exchange of carbon dioxide between oceans and atmosphere) Human Activities: Fossil fuel combustion (burning of coal, oil, and gas) Deforestation and land-use change (clearing of forests for agriculture and development) Industrial processes (e.g., cement production) Agriculture (use of fertilizers, livestock methane emissions) Waste management (landfills, waste incineration)

Answer 13

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is low in the earlier stages of succession due to **limited vegetation cover** and photosynthetic activity, but Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is high because of **low respiration** because the energy lost through respiration by plants is minimal, resulting in a greater proportion of photosynthetically fixed carbon available for biomass production and growth.

Answer 14

Nitrogen Cycle: storages: atmosphere flows: nitrification human activities: fertilizer use Storages: Atmosphere (nitrogen gas) Soil organic matter Terrestrial biosphere (plants, animals) Oceans (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) Flows: Nitrogen fixation (conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia by bacteria) Nitrification (conversion of ammonia into nitrite and nitrate by bacteria) Assimilation (incorporation of nitrogen into plant and animal biomass) Mineralization (conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonium by decomposers) Denitrification (conversion of nitrate into nitrogen gas by bacteria) Leaching and runoff (loss of nitrogen from soils into water bodies) Human Activities: Fertilizer use (application of synthetic and organic fertilizers) Industrial nitrogen fixation (Haber-Bosch process for producing ammonia) Livestock farming (manure production, nitrogen emissions) Combustion of fossil fuels (nitrogen oxides emissions) Land-use change (deforestation, agricultural expansion) Wastewater treatment (release of nitrogen-containing compounds into waterways)

Answer 15

https://biomanbio.com/HTML5GamesandLabs/EcoGames/nitrogencyclepage.html