8- neuropathology Flashcards
cause of extra dural hameorrage
damage to middle meningeal artery
where does blood accumulate extradural haemorrage
in potential space between dura mater and skull
how does extradural haemorrhage present
lucid interval then drowsiness and neurological defect
cause of subdural haemorrhage
shearing of bridging veins. assault, falls, RTC, minor head injury, anticoagulant therapy
where does blood accumulate subdural haemorrage
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
describe acute vs chronic subdural
acute- rapid, trauma
chronic- elderly and chronic alcoholics, a lot of blood accumulates before clinical signs
cause subarachnoid haemorrage
shearing meningeal blood vessels
where does blood accumulate subarachnoid haemorrhage
film of blood over brain surface
cause traumatic vs spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrage
traumatic- basilar skull fracture, contusion
spontaneous- ruptured berry aneurysm, amyloid angiopathy, vertebral artery dissection, arteriovenous malformation
presentation subarahchnoid haemorrage
sudden onset headache, rapid neurological deterioration, sudden collapse
cause of haemorragic stroke
intracerebral or subarachnoid
cause of ischaemic stroke
obstruction of blood causes ischaemia. eg. obstruction of deep penetrating arteries.
what is a watershed area
area that lies at most distal portion of artery territory, damaged in ischaemic stroke. eg, border of MCA and ACA can cause wedge shaped necrosis
cause of embolic stroke
cardiac mural thrombus (MI,Afib), atherosclerosis, other emboli eg. DVT and patent foramen oval, fat and bone marrow embolism.
effect of hypertension in brain
arteriosclerosis, slit haemorrage, lacunar infarct, intrecerebral haemorrage
what is amyloid angiopathy
amyloid deposition in walls of small and medial sized meningeal and cortical vessels. causes rigid and inflexible walls, causes haemorrage
what is arteriovenous malformation
wormlike vascular channels
what is cavernous malformation
loose vascular channels, distended and thin walls in cerebellum and pons
what is capillary telangiectasia
microscopic foci of dilated thin walled vessels
what is venous angioma
dilated venous channels
5 types of CNS tumour and one example of each
glioma (astrocytic), parenchymal (germ cell), meningeal (meningioma), neuronal (ganglion cell tumour), poorly differentiated (medulloblastoma)
most common type of glioma
astrocytic tumour
describee lymphoma
diffuse, associated w EBV
describe germ cell tumours
midline, pineal and suprasellar
describe medullublastoma
20% children, radiosensitive, cerebellum
describe meningioma
benign, derived from arachnoid meningothelial cells, cause problems when enlarges
how does meningitis present
headache, photophobia, irritability, altered consciousness, neurological impariemtn
compare creutzfeld jakob disease and variant creutzfeld jakob disease
normal- presents older than 70, rapidy progressing, tarts with memory changes
variant- presents in young adults, slower progression, presents with behavioural issues
effect of neurodegeneration in hippocampus and cerebral cortex
cognitive changes, alteration in memory, behaviour and languages
effect of neurodegeneration in basal ganglai
movement
effect of neurodegeneration in cerebelllum
ataxias
