8- neuropathology

Question 1

cause of extra dural hameorrage

Answer 1

damage to middle meningeal artery

Question 2

where does blood accumulate extradural haemorrage

Answer 2

in potential space between dura mater and skull

Question 3

how does extradural haemorrhage present

Answer 3

lucid interval then drowsiness and neurological defect

Question 4

cause of subdural haemorrhage

Answer 4

shearing of bridging veins. assault, falls, RTC, minor head injury, anticoagulant therapy

Question 5

where does blood accumulate subdural haemorrage

Answer 5

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

Question 6

describe acute vs chronic subdural

Answer 6

acute- rapid, trauma

chronic- elderly and chronic alcoholics, a lot of blood accumulates before clinical signs

Question 7

cause subarachnoid haemorrage

Answer 7

shearing meningeal blood vessels

Question 8

where does blood accumulate subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 8

film of blood over brain surface

Question 9

cause traumatic vs spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrage

Answer 9

traumatic- basilar skull fracture, contusion

spontaneous- ruptured berry aneurysm, amyloid angiopathy, vertebral artery dissection, arteriovenous malformation

Question 10

presentation subarahchnoid haemorrage

Answer 10

sudden onset headache, rapid neurological deterioration, sudden collapse

Question 11

cause of haemorragic stroke

Answer 11

intracerebral or subarachnoid

Question 12

cause of ischaemic stroke

Answer 12

obstruction of blood causes ischaemia. eg. obstruction of deep penetrating arteries.

Question 13

what is a watershed area

Answer 13

area that lies at most distal portion of artery territory, damaged in ischaemic stroke. eg, border of MCA and ACA can cause wedge shaped necrosis

Question 14

cause of embolic stroke

Answer 14

cardiac mural thrombus (MI,Afib), atherosclerosis, other emboli eg. DVT and patent foramen oval, fat and bone marrow embolism.

Question 15

effect of hypertension in brain

Answer 15

arteriosclerosis, slit haemorrage, lacunar infarct, intrecerebral haemorrage

Question 16

what is amyloid angiopathy

Answer 16

amyloid deposition in walls of small and medial sized meningeal and cortical vessels. causes rigid and inflexible walls, causes haemorrage

Question 17

what is arteriovenous malformation

Answer 17

wormlike vascular channels

Question 18

what is cavernous malformation

Answer 18

loose vascular channels, distended and thin walls in cerebellum and pons

Question 19

what is capillary telangiectasia

Answer 19

microscopic foci of dilated thin walled vessels

Question 20

what is venous angioma

Answer 20

dilated venous channels

Question 21

5 types of CNS tumour and one example of each

Answer 21

glioma (astrocytic), parenchymal (germ cell), meningeal (meningioma), neuronal (ganglion cell tumour), poorly differentiated (medulloblastoma)

Question 22

most common type of glioma

Answer 22

astrocytic tumour

Question 23

describee lymphoma

Answer 23

diffuse, associated w EBV

Question 24

describe germ cell tumours

Answer 24

midline, pineal and suprasellar

Question 25

describe medullublastoma

Answer 25

20% children, radiosensitive, cerebellum

Question 26

describe meningioma

Answer 26

benign, derived from arachnoid meningothelial cells, cause problems when enlarges

Question 27

how does meningitis present

Answer 27

headache, photophobia, irritability, altered consciousness, neurological impariemtn

Question 28

compare creutzfeld jakob disease and variant creutzfeld jakob disease

Answer 28

normal- presents older than 70, rapidy progressing, tarts with memory changes

variant- presents in young adults, slower progression, presents with behavioural issues

Question 29

effect of neurodegeneration in hippocampus and cerebral cortex

Answer 29

cognitive changes, alteration in memory, behaviour and languages

Question 30

effect of neurodegeneration in basal ganglai

Answer 30

movement

Question 31

effect of neurodegeneration in cerebelllum

Answer 31

ataxias