8- higher cortical function

Question 1

what are the inputs and outputs of the cerebral cortex

Answer 1

input- thalamus and cortical areas

output- projection fibres eg. UMN, commusural fibres eg. corpus callosum, association fibres eg. arcuate fasiculus.

Question 2

role frontal lobe

Answer 2

motor, expression of speech (Broca’s area), behavioural regulation (pre-frontal), cognition, eye movements (frontal eye fields), continence (paracentral lobules)

Question 3

role parietal lobe

Answer 3

sensory, speech comprehension (LH), body image (RH), attention, calculation and writing, visual pathways- superior optic radiations

Question 4

role temporal lobe

Answer 4

hearing (primary auditory complex), olfaction (primary olfactory cortex), memory (hippocampus), emotion, inferior optic radiations

Question 5

effect of damage frontal lobe damage

Answer 5

impulsive, disinhibited behviours, expressive dysphasia, contralateral weakness, difficulty with problem solving, conjugate gaze difficulties, urinary incontinence

Question 6

effect parietal lobe damage

Answer 6

contralateral anaesthesia, receptive dysphasia, neglevt, calculation ability, contralateral inferior homonymous quadrantopia

Question 7

effect temporal lobe damage

Answer 7

auditory hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations, amnesia. deja vu, psychiatric disorders, contralateral superior homonymous quadrantopia

Question 8

what is the left hemisphere dominant for

Answer 8

language and logical funcions. dominant in 95% people

Question 9

what is the right hemisphere dominant for

Answer 9

body image, spacial awareness, emotion, muscle ability

Question 10

effect of corpus callosum damage

Answer 10

• alien hand syndrome
• cannot name object seen in left visual field
• white matter cannot cross between the two hemispheres

Question 11

describe role and location of Broca’s area

Answer 11

• production of speech
• infero lateral frontal lobe
• next to mouth/pharynx area of PMC

Question 12

describe role and location of wernicke’s area

Answer 12

• interpretation of language
• parieto temporal junction
• next to PAC in temporal lobe

Question 13

what connects broca and wenicke’s area

Answer 13

arcuate fasiculus

Question 14

damage to Broca’s area

Answer 14

broca’s dysphasia, can understand but cannot respond

Question 15

damage to wenicke’s area

Answer 15

fluent speech but doesn’t make sense. can respond but not understand

Question 16

what can large middle cerberal artery infarct cause

Answer 16

global aphasia

Question 17

what does damage to arcuate fasiculus cause

Answer 17

cannot repeat heard words

Question 18

where are short and long term memories held

Answer 18

short- cortical circuits

long- cerebral Cortex, cerebellum

Question 19

what effects consolidation

Answer 19

emotional context, reversal, asoociatio

Question 20

describe the role of the hippocampus in consolidation of declarative memories

Answer 20

• good at associating stimuli as has multimodal inputs

- role as ‘oscillator’- facilitates consolidation of memories in cortex via output pathways.

Question 21

describe long term potentiation

Answer 21

changes in glutamate receptors leads to synaptic strengthening. new physical connections form between neurones (axonal sprouting)