8 - Music

Question 1

Music - Basics

Answer 1

• melody of emotion (voice; coordination)
• coordinative and somewhat narrative arts -> enhances emotional meaning of narrative
• unique; tonal pitch space - coordination (musical textures)

Question 2

3 domains of interpersonal coordination in human behavior

Answer 2

1. space - movement patterns, unique to dance
2. time - dance & music
3. tonal pitch space - different textures coordination, unique to music

Question 3

the 4 Ts of music - just them

Answer 3

1. tonality (scales)
2. timing (rhythm)
3. texture (combining parts)
4. text
   -> all of them are connected

Question 4

tonality - 4 Ts of music

Answer 4

all sorts of scales (defines music)

Question 5

timing - 4 Ts of music

Answer 5

similar to pacing (see dancing), concerning rhythm

Question 6

texture - 4 Ts of music

Answer 6

combining parts, different musical parts in pitch space

Question 7

text - 4 Ts of music

Answer 7

songs combined with words, musical features (narrative component)

Question 8

affective prosody

Answer 8

-> expression of emotion using voice
3 major keys:
1. pitch; low to high (ex. high pitch shows intense emotion)
2. loudness; soft to loud -> amplitude (ex. loud showing intense emotion)
3. tempo; slow to fast (ex. fast speaking for intense emotion)
-> shared between music and speech -> attribute emotions

Question 9

linguistic prosody

Answer 9

• stressed word within sentence
• intentional melodies (ex. statement vs question)

Question 10

joint evolutional precursor (coevolution music (art-form) & language (no-art-form))

Answer 10

-> prosody (giving both of them common root)
; scale structure brought tonality -> music
; words brought language -> speech

-> speech evolved from vocal expression of emotion (Grammelot; prosody sounds)

Question 11

tonality (scale -> ladder idea)

Answer 11

-> scale structure; ladder made up of pitch steps, with unequal step size (usually one bigger and one smaller one, making different combinations of those)

-> process of creating melodies using scaled pitches (specific to music; art-specifi)
-> different scales have different emotional connotations (domain-specific to music)

Question 12

discreetness

Answer 12

scale takes continuous space and converts it into set of discrete levels -> digitizes pitch space (referred to as pitch classes)

-> speech as atonal music - proto-music; discreetness but no scales (musicality of speech)

Question 13

melodies

Answer 13

scales establish set of pitches that get combined to form melodies (combining digitized space in different sequences)

Question 14

Signing - brining in text

Answer 14

• music is composed to be emotionally congruent with words
• singing (compared to speech) has vocables = nonsense syllables (often used as fillers) & melisma (multiple pitches per syllable (stretching of word))

Question 15

musical narration

Answer 15

-> adding emotion to music; words (song), dramas (background music (in films that’s called underscore)), dance (e.g. ballet music)
-> can give situation different meanings

Question 16

group chorusing

Answer 16

group speaking as if with one voice, stimulates pro social behavior (movement synchrony)

Question 17

musical texture

Answer 17

texture; different manners of combining musical parts (time and pitch space)

Question 18

melodic unison

Answer 18

• musical texture in which …
  ; musical parts are identical
  ; musical parts synchronized in time (ex. same onset)
  -> unique to human

Question 19

creating textures

Answer 19

-> separation in time/tonal pitch space or both together
1. unison - same pitch and time
2. separate parts in pitch space OR time
-> pitch space separation = harmonizing
-> time separation = canon/round
3. separate pitch space AND time = polyphony

Question 20

coordination of parts

Answer 20

musical chorusing -> integration of parts

conversation -> alternation of parts

Question 21

Dance - music (comparison)

Answer 21

Dance - Music:
Effector: body ~ voice
group format: dancing ~ chorusing
space of coordination: physical ~ tonal pitch
musical instruments: percussion ~ melodic
representational system: pantomimic gesture ~ language/speech