8 - Muscle, Bone, and Skin Flashcards
Three types of Muscle:
1)
2)
3)
Four possible functions for the muscle:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Three types of Muscle:
1) skeletal
2) Cardiac
3) Smooth
Four possible functions for the muscle:
1) body movement
2) stabilization of body position
3) movement of substances through the body
4) generating heat to maintain body temperature
Skeletal Muscle=
-Multinucleate=?
**______= muscle to bone, _______= bone to bone**
Skeletal Muscle= voluntary muscle which is consciously controlled.
- connects one bone to another.
- it doesn’t attach directly to a bone, but rather to a tendon.
- Multinucleate (has many nuclei)
**Tendon= muscle to bone, Ligament= bone to bone**
Agonist & Antagonist=
Synergistic muscles=
*A muscle used _______ by applying a force to a bone at its ______ point and _____ the bone in some fashion about the joint.
Agonist & Antagonist= the agonist is responsible for muscle contraction and therefore the movement, while the antagonist is responsible for the stretching of the muscle.
Synergistic muscles= assist the agonist by stabilizing the origin bone or by positioning the insertion bone during the movement.
*A muscle used leverage by applying a force to a bone at its insertion point and rotating the bone in some fashion about the joint.
Sarcomere=
Sarcoplasmic reticulum=
Sarcolemma=
Sarcomere= smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle. Composed of many strands of two protein filaments, the thick and thin filaments which are laid side by side to form a cylindrical segment.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum= each myofibril is surrounded by the specialized endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell.
Sarcolemma= wraps several myofibrils together to form a muscle cell or muscle fiber.
Thick filament=
Thin filament=
*_______ and _______ work together sliding alongside each other to create the contractile force of skeletal muscle.
Thick filament= of a sarcomere is made of the protein myosin. Several long myosin molecules wrap around each other to form one thick filament.
Thin filament= composed mainly of a polymer of the globular protein actin.
*Myosin and actin work together sliding alongside each other to create the contractile force of skeletal muscle.
5 stage cycle= *repeated many ____ to form a contraction!
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
5 stage cycle= *repeated many times to form a contraction!
1) tropomyosin covers an active site on the actin preventing the myosin head from binding. Myosin head remains cocked in a high energy position with a phosphate and ADP group attached.
2) in the presence of calcium ions, troponin pulls the tropomyosin back, exposing the active site, allowing myosin head to bind to the actin.
3) the myosin head expels a phosphate and ADP and bends into a lower energy position, dragging the actin along with it. POWER STROKE= causes the shortening of the sarcomere and the muscle contraction.
4) ATP attaches to the myosin head. Which releases the myosin head from the active site, which is covered immediately by tropomyosin.
5) ATP splits to inorganic phosphate and ADP causing the myosin head to cock into the high energy position.
Neuromuscular Synapse=
T-tubules=
Slow twitch muscle=
Neuromuscular Synapse= a muscle contraction begins with an action potential, a neuron attaches to a muscle cell forming this. Action potential releases acetylcholine which is released into the synaptic cleft and activates ion channels in the sarcolemma of the muscle cell creating an action potential.
T-tubules= action potential moves deep into the muscle cell via small tunnels in the membrane which allow for a uniform contraction of the muscle by allowing the action potential to spread through the muscle cell more rapidly.
Slow twitch muscle= or type 1 muscle fibers are red from large amounts of myoglobin. Myoglobin is an oxygen storing protein similar to hemoglobin, but having only one protein subunit. Lots of mitochondria, and split ATP at a slow rate. Slow to fatigue and slow contraction velocity.
Cardiac Muscle=
Intercalaed disc=
*More mitochondria in _____ muscle, and it is _____ and it can even grow under ______ just like skeletal muscle.
Cardiac Muscle= the human heart is composed mainly of cardiac muscle. Like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated. Which means it contains sarcomeres, but it only has one nucleus and is separated from its neighbor by an intercalated disc.
Intercalaed disc= contain gap junction which allow an action potential to spread from one cardiac cell to the next via electrical synpases.
*More mitochondria in cardiac muscle, and it is involuntary and it can even grow under hypertrophy just like skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle=
- only one _______
- contain _____ and _____ filaments, but not organized into ________.
- Intermediate filaments=
Smooth muscle= is involuntary. Which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
- only one nucleus
- contain thick and thin filaments, but not organized into sarcomeres.
- Intermediate filaments= are contained in smooth muscle cells which are attached to dense bodies spread through the cell.
Bone=
- support of ______
- protection of ______, assistance in movement of _____
- _____ storage, blood cell production and energy storage in the form of ______ in bone marrow
Bone= a living tissue.
- support of soft tissue
- protection of internal organs, assistance in movement of the body
- mineral storage, blood cell production and energy storage in the form of adipose cells in bone marrow
Osteoblasts=
-incapable of _______
As they release matric materials they become enveloped and differentiate into ________
Osteocytes=
-exchange ______ and _______ with the blood
Osteoclasts=
-believed to develop from the ________
Spongy bone=
Compact bone=
Osteoblasts= secrete collagen and organic compounds upon which bone is formed.
-incapable of mitosis
As they release matric materials they become enveloped and differentiate into osteocytes.
Osteocytes= incapable of mitosis.
-exchange nutrients and waste materials with the blood
Osteoclasts= resorb bone matric, releasing minerals back into the blood.
-believed to develop from the white blood cells called monocytes.
Spongy bone= contains red bone marrow (red blood cell development).
Compact bone= holds yellow bone marrow, contains adipose cells for fat storage. Highly organized
Haversian (central) Canals=
Canaliculi=
Volkmann’s Canals=
Osteon (haversian system)=
Hydroxyapatite=
Haversian (central) Canals= osteoclasts burrow tunnels through compact bone. Which are followed by osteoblasts which lad down a new matric onto the tunnel walls forming concentric rings called lamellae.
Canaliculi= osteocytes trapped between the lamellae exchange nutrients via this.
Volkmann’s Canals= haversian canals contain blood and lymph vessels, and are connected by crossing canals…
Osteon (haversian system)= the entire system of lamellae and haversian canal.
Hydroxyapatite= most of the Ca2+ in the body is stored in the bone matrix as this.
Cartilage=
- Formed of ______ and has great tensile strength.
- ________ is the most common, and it reduces friction and absorbs shock in _______.
Cartilage= is a flexible, resilient connective tissue.
- Formed of collagen and has great tensile strength.
- Hyaline cartilage is the most common, and it reduces friction and absorbs shock in joints.
Skin=
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Skin has two principal parts:
- epidermis no
- dermis is connective tissue derived from ________. Has______, ______, and _______ _________
Skin= is an organ which means that it is a group of tissue working together to perform a specific function like:
1) Thermoregulation
2) Protection
3) environmental sensory input
4) Excretion
5) Immunity
6) Blood Reservoir
7) Vitamin D Synthesis
Skin has two principal parts: Epidermis & Dermis
- epidermis no blood vessels
- dermis is connective tissue derived from mesodermal cells. Has blood vessels, glands, and hair follicles
