5 - Endocrine System Flashcards
Exocrine glands=
Endocrine glands=
**why are endocrine hormones slower and less direct?
*What do they alter, which activities?
works in conjunction with? and are stimulated by?
Exocrine glands= release enzymes to the external environment through ducts. Which include sweat, oil, mucous, and digestive glands.
Endocrine glands= release hormones directly into body fluids. ***Pancreas can act as both exo and endocrine releasing digestive enzymes through pancreatic duct, and insulin/glucagon directly into the blood.
**Slower, less direct, and longer lasting than the nervous system; endocrine hormones may take seconds or days to produce their effects; because they are released into general circulation and not direct to the target tissue.
*Alter metabolic activities, regulate growth/development, and guide reproduction.
*Works in conjunction with the nervous system; in which many endocrine glands are stimulated by neurons.
Receptors=
Hormone’s 3 basic chemistries:
1)
2)
3)
Receptors= all hormones act by binding to proteins called receptors. Which is highly specific for its hormone. Concentrations of receptors can increase or decrease in environments of high or low hormones.
Hormone’s 3 basic chemistries:
1) Peptide hormones
2) Steroid hormones
3) Tyrosine derivatives
Peptide hormones=
-derived from peptides; vary in ?
- Always manufactured in the ?
- In the golgi the hormone is ?
- Golgi packages ?
- They can move freely throughout the blood but ?
- so instead they bind to a ?
Peptide hormones=
- derived from peptides; vary in size and can often include carbohydrate portions.
- Always manufactured in the rough ER. (prehormone)
- In the golgi the hormone is cleaved and sometimes modified with carbs to its final form. (Prohormone)
-Golgi packages the hormone into secretory vesicles, and upon stimulation by another hormone or a nervous signal, the cell releases the vesicles via exocytosis.
*since they are peptide derivatives the peptide hormones are water soluble.
- They can move freely throughout the blood but have problems moving through the cell membrane of the effector, or the target cell the hormone is going after.
- so instead they bind to a membrane receptor; from here they can work with the cell to gain entry or go through a intracellular second messenger, such as cAMP, cGMP, or calmodulin; which activates/deactivates enzymes and/or ion channels and often creates a ‘cascade’ of chemical reactions that amplifies the effect of the hormone. This can help a small concentration of a hormone have a big effect.
Peptide hormones and where they come from (MUST KNOW):
1) ____ hormones—> 6
2) _____ hormones—> 2
3) _____ hormone—> 1
4) _____ hormones—> 2
Peptide hormones and where they come from (MUST KNOW):
1) Anterior pituitary hormones—> FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH, and prolactin
2) Posterior pituitary hormones—> ADH and oxytocin
3) Parathyroid hormone—> PTH
4) Pancreatic hormones—> glucagon and insulin
Steroid Hormones=
- Derived from and are often chemically similar to ____________
- Formed mainly in a series of steps in the _________and _____
- Since they are lipids, they require a ?
- But since they are lipids they can easily ?
- Once inside, they act with?, from there the receptor transports steroids into the ?; and the steroid acts at ?.
- Typical effect is of certain membrane or cellular proteins ______ the effector.
Steroid Hormones=
- Derived from and are often chemically similar to cholesterol.
- Formed mainly in a series of steps in the smooth ER and mitochondria.
- Since they are lipids, they require a protein transport molecule in order to dissolve into the blood stream.
- But since they are lipids they can easily diffuse through the membrane of the effector.
- Once inside, they act with receptors in the cytosol, from there the receptor transports steroids into the nucleus; and the steroid acts at transcriptional levels.
- Typical effect is of certain membrane or cellular proteins WITHIN the effector.
Steroid hormones and where they come from (MUST KNOW):
1) _____ and ______ of the adrenal cortex—> 2
2) ______ hormones—> 3 (2of them *)
*being produce by the ________
Steroid hormones and where they come from (MUST KNOW):
1) Glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of the adrenal cortex—> Cortisol and aldosterone
2) Gonadal hormones—> Estrogen*, progesterone*, and testosterone
*being produce by the placenta.
Tyrosine derivatives:
-Thyroid hormones: (5)
***all these hormones are formed by enzymes in the ______ or on the______
*Lipid soluble and must be carried in the blood by plasma protein carriers.?
*released slowly to their______, and bind to receptors in the _____; which creates a latent period in their response and increase the duration of the effect of thyroid hormones. Increases the ______ of large numbers of genes in nearly all cells of the body.
-epinephrine and norepinephrine are ______ and dissolve in _____. They react with receptors on target tissue and work through ______, mainly cAMP.
Tyrosine derivatives:
-Thyroid hormones: T3, T4, and catecholamine formed in the adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
***all these hormones are formed by enzymes in the cytosol or on the rough ER.
*Lipid soluble and must be carried in the blood by plasma protein carriers.
*released slowly to their target tissues, and bind to receptors in the nucleus; which creates a latent period in their response and increase the duration of the effect of thyroid hormones. Increases the transcription of large numbers of genes in nearly all cells of the body.
-epinephrine and norepinephrine are water soluble and dissolve in blood. They react with receptors on target tissue and work through second messengers, mainly cAMP.
Negative feedback of the endocrine glands—>
TWO EXAMPLES:
1) ADH holds water, increase urine, and increases BP
- does a person with high BP have high or low ADP?
2) Aldosterone increase BP
- does a person with low BP have high or low aldosterone?
Negative feedback of the endocrine glands—> the glands react in the situation the body is put in.
TWO EXAMPLES:
1) ADH holds water, increase urine, and increases BP
-does a person with high BP have high or low ADP?
*They have low ADH cause the body is reacting to already high BP.
2) Aldosterone increase BP
-does a person with low BP have high or low aldosterone?
*HIGH
Anterior Pituitary=.
-The ______ controls the release of the anterior pituitary hormones with the releasing or its own hormones. Carried to the AP by ____, and is controlled by the ______
Anterior pituitary hormones—> (6)
Anterior Pituitary= is located beneath the hypothalamus.
-The hypothalamus controls the release of the anterior pituitary hormones with the releasing or its own hormones. Carried to the AP by small blood vessels, and is controlled by the nervous system.
Anterior pituitary hormones—> FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH, and prolactin
1) hGH
- a peptide that stimulates ?
- Effect of hGH accomplished by?
1) hGH
- a peptide that stimulates growth in almost all cells of the body; by increasing episodes of mitosis, increasing cell size, increasing rate of protein synthesis, mobilizing fat stores, increasing use of fatty acids for energy, and decreasing use of glucose.
- Effect of hGH accomplished by increasing amino acid transport across the cell membrane, increasing translation and transcription, and decreasing breakdown of proteins and amino acids.
2) ACTH
- ?
3) TSH
?
2) ACTH
- adrenocorticotropic hormone; stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids via second messenger system using cAMP. Stimulated by many types of stress; glucocorticoids are STRESS HORMONES.
3) TSH
- thyroid stimulating hormones, stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 via 2nd messenger cAMP. Be aware of the negative feedback effect on TSH release both at the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.
4) Prolactin
- promotes ?
- Hypothalamus inhibits the release of ?
- The release of prolactin, inhibits the ?
5 & 6) FSH and LH
4) Prolactin
- promotes lactation (milk production) in the breasts.
- Hypothalamus inhibits the release of prolactin.
- The release of prolactin, inhibits the menstrual cycle.
5 & 6) FSH and LH
-described in reproduction chapter.
Posterior pituitary=
-ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the ?, and transported down ?
Oxytocin
-small polypeptide hormone that increases ?
ADH
-Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin is a small polypeptide hormone which causes ?
Posterior pituitary= composed of mainly of support tissue for nerve endings extending from the hypothalamus.
-ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the neural cell bodies of the hypothalamus, and transported down axons to the posterior pituitary where they are released into the blood.
Oxytocin
-small polypeptide hormone that increases uterine contractions during pregnancy and cause milk to be ejected from the breasts.
ADH
-Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin is a small polypeptide hormone which causes the collecting ducts of the kidney to become permeable to water reducing the amount of urine and concentrating the urine. ADH also increase blood pressure.
Adrenal glands=
-separated into the ?
Adrenal cortex- _________ portion of the gland.
-secretes _________ (mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids)
MC–>
G–>
Aldosterone–> a _____, mineral corticoid which acts to increase ?
-net gain in the ?
Adrenal glands= are located at the top of the kidneys.
-separated into the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.
Adrenal cortex- outside portion of the gland.
-secretes steroid hormones (mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids)
MC–> affect the electrolyte balance in the bloodstream
G–> increase blood glucose concentration and have even greater effect on fat and protein metabolism.
Aldosterone–> a steroid, mineral corticoid which acts to increase Na+ and Cl- reabsorption in the kidney and K+/H+ secretion as a 2ndary effect.
-net gain in the plasma and results in an increase in BP.
Cortisol–> a ?
-also breaks down ?
______ hormone which has ______properties, but also _________ the immune system when fighting infections.
Cortisol–> a steroid, glucocorticoid which increase Blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis, which is the creation of glucose and glycogen mainly in the liver from amino acids, glycerol, or lactic acid.
- also breaks down adipose tissue to fatty acids to be used for cellular energy.
- Stress hormone which has anti-inflammatory properties, but also suppresses the immune system when fighting infections.
