7 - The Cardiovascular System, The Respiratory System Flashcards
The______ is where the blood begins and from there it is pumped through the ______
From the aorta is goes to smaller arteries, which branch into smaller arterioles, which then branch into smaller capillaries. Blood from the capillaries is collected into venules which themselves collect into larger veins, which collect again into the __________
The vena cava empty into the _______ of the heart.
Right atrium goes into the ______, and then pumps blood through the _______, to arterioles, to the capillaries of the lungs.
From the lungs to the _______ leading into the heart. The pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium, which fills the left ventricle.
The Left ventricle is where the blood begins and from there it is pumped through the aorta. From the aorta is goes to smaller arteries, which branch into smaller arterioles, which then branch into smaller capillaries. Blood from the capillaries is collected into venules which themselves collect into larger veins, which collect again into the superior and inferior vena cava. The vena cava empty into the Right atrium of the heart. Right atrium goes into the right ventricle, and then pumps blood through the pulmonary arteries, to arterioles, to the capillaries of the lungs. From the lungs to the pulmonary veins leading into the heart. The pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium, which fills the left ventricle.
Left ventricle —> aorta —> superior and inferior vena cava —> Right atrium —> right ventricle —> pulmonary arteries —> pulmonary veins
Systemic Circulation=
Pulmonary circulation=
Closed circulatory system=
**The _____ contracts with the most force to propel the blood through the _____ circulation**
Systemic Circulation= the first half of circulation as just described.
Pulmonary circulation= the second half of circulation.
Closed circulatory system= since there are no openings for the blood to leave the vessels, the entire system is said to be a closed circulatory system.
**The left ventricle contracts with the most force to propel the blood through the systemic circulation**
Sinoatrial node (SA node)=
Atrioventricular node (AV node)= i
Sinoatrial node (SA node)= specialized cardiac muscle cells that contracts the heart automatically. Located in the right atrium. It contracts by itself spreading contractions to surrounding cardiac muscles via electrical synapses made from gap junctions. *The SA node’s pace is faster than normal heartbeats, but the parasympathetic vagus nerve innervates the SA node, slowing the contractions.
Atrioventricular node (AV node)= is the slower to contract, creating a delay which allows the atria to finish their contraction, and to squeeze their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles begin to contract.
Bundle of His=
Purkinje fibers=
Bundle of His= conductive fibers that the action potential moves down from the AV node.
Purkinje fibers= the action potential branches out through the ventricular walls via conductive fibers… From the P fibers the action potential is spread through gap junctions from one cardiac muscle to the next. The P fibers in the ventricles allow for a more unified and stronger contraction.
Arteries=
Arterioles=
Capillaries=
Venules and Veins=
**_____ carry blood away from the heart, a_____ carried blood toward the heart**
**Blood pressure ______ near the heart, and _______ to its lowest in the capillaries**
**A single artery is much ____ than a capillary, but there are far more capillaries than arteries. Velocity is the greatest in the arteries where cross-sectional area is _____, and velocity is lowest where cross-sectional area is the ______.**
Arteries= are elastic, and stretch as they fill with blood. They are wrapped in smooth muscle innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Arterioles= are very small, they are also wrapped in smooth muscle. Constriction and dilation of arterioles can be used to regulate blood pressure as well as rerouting blood.
Capillaries= are microscopic blood vessels. Only one cell thick. And the diameter only lets one red blood cell through.
Venules and Veins= are similar in structure to arterioles and arteries. Veins contain a far greater volume of blood.
**Arteries carry blood away from the heart, a vein carried blood toward the heart**
**Blood pressure increases near the heart, and decreases to its lowest in the capillaries**
**A single artery is much bigger than a capillary, but there are far more capillaries than arteries. Velocity is the greatest in the arteries where cross-sectional area is smallest, and velocity is lowest where cross-sectional area is the greatest.**
Diaphragm= contracts to bring in air, skeletal muscle and is innervated by the phrenic nerve.
Nasal Cavity= is the space inside the nose. It filters, moistens, and warms in coming air.
Coarse hair= at the front of the cavity traps large dust particles.
Mucus= is secreted by goblet cells traps smaller dust particles and moistens the air.
Cilia= moves the mucus and dust back toward the pharynx, so that it may be removed by spitting or swallowing.
Diaphragm=
Nasal Cavity=
Coarse hair=
Mucus=
Cilia=
Pharynx=
Larynx=
Trachea=
Alveoli=
Pharynx= functions as a passageway for food and air.
Larynx= is the voice box. And it sits behind the epiglottis, which is the cartilaginous member that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
Trachea= windpipe. Lies in front of the esophagus. Composed of ringed cartilage covered by ciliated mucous cells.
Before entering the lungs the trachea splits into the right and left bronchi. Each broncus branches many more times to become tiny bronchioles.
Alveoli= oxygen diffused into a capillary where it is picked up by red blood cells.
Hemoglobin=
*Oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the ______ by an increase in carbon dioxide pressure, hydrogen ion concentration, or temperature.
Carbonic anhydrase:
Hemoglobin= 98% of the oxygen in the blood binds rapidly and reversibly with this protein forming oxyhemoglobin. The heme cofactor is an organic molecule with an atom of iron at its center. Each of the four iron atoms in the hemoglobin can bind with one Oxygen molecule.
*Oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right by an increase in carbon dioxide pressure, hydrogen ion concentration, or temperature.
Carbonic anhydrase:
CO2 + H2O –> HCO3- + H+
Lymph system=
Blood=
Albumin and immunoglobulins=
Serum=
Lymph system= is an open system. In other words, fluid enters at one end and leaves at the other.
Blood= connective tissue.
Albumin and immunoglobulins= important proteins contained in the plasma of blood. Albumin transport fatty acids and steroids, as well as acting to regulate the osmotic pressure of the blood. Immunoglobulins are ABs.
Serum= is plasma of the blood that has had fibrinogen removed which the clotting protein.
Erthrocytes=
Leukocytes=
Stem Cells=
Platelets=
Erthrocytes= red blood cells are basically bags of hemoglobin. Remove carbon dioxide and deliver oxygen.
Leukocytes= white blood cells, they function to protect the body from foreign invaders.
Stem Cells= precursor residing in the bone marrow.
Platelets= are small portions of membrane bound cytoplasm torn from megakayocytes.
*Granulocytes are ?
*agranulocytes are ?
*Coagulation process involves ?
*Granulocytes are nonspecific white blood cells which die very quickly, but can reproduce very quickly as well and die once the infection is gone.
*agranulocytes are specific white blood cells that stick around for up to years.
*Coagulation process involves many factors starting with platelets and including the plasma proteins prothrombin and fibrin.
Humoral or B-cell immunity = _________
- mature in the ______ and ______
- capable of making a single type of ______ which recognizes an _______. SPECIFIC
T cell (helper)= ________
Differentiates in ______ cells and ______ cells.
Humoral or B-cell immunity = B lymphocytes
- mature in the bone marrow and the liver
- capable of making a single type of antibody which recognizes an antigen. SPECIFIC
T cell (helper)= T lymphocytes
Differentiates in plasma cells and memory B cells.
