3 - Microbiology Flashcards
Capsid=
Receptor=
Bacteriophage=
Endocytotic=
Capsid= the protein coat of a virus.
Receptor= usually a specific glycoprotein on the host cell membrane.
Bacteriophage= a virus that infects bacteria. Nucleic acid is normally injected through the tail after enzymes have digested a hole in the cell wall.
Endocytotic= engulfing of the virus.
(+)-strand RNA virus=
(-)-strand RNA virus=
Carrier population=
(+)-strand RNA virus= responsible for the common cold. Which includes retroviruses. It can go straight from RNA to proteins.
(-)-strand RNA virus= incude measles, rabies, and the flue. (-)-strand RNA is the complement to mRNA and must be transcribed to (+)-strand RNA before being translated.
Carrier population= a difficulty of fighting viral infections is that more than one animal may act as a carrier for a virus.
Prokaryotes=
Fixing CO2=
Nucleoid=
Prokaryotes= do not have a membrane bound nucleus. Two groups which include Archaea and Bacteria. Archaea are the extremes and have as much as in common with Eukaryotes as bacteria. Archaea cell wall’s are not made from PG.
Fixing CO2= reducing it and using the carbon to create organic molecules usually through a process called the calvin cycle.
Nucleoid= a not enclosed membrane for the prokaryote which is also called a chromatin body, nuclear region, or nuclear body; which holds the DNA, RNA, and protein complex in prokaryotes.
Autotrophs=
Heterotrophs=
Phototrophs=
Chemotrophs=
Autotrophs= microorganisms capable of using CO2 as their sole source of carbon.
Heterotrophs= use preformed organic molecules as their source of carbon.
Phototrophs= organisms that use light as their energy source.
Chemotrophs= those that use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter.
Cocci=
Bacilli=
Spirilla=
Spirochetes=
Cocci= round
Bacilli= rod shaped
Spirilla= helically shaped (rigid)
Spirochetes= helically shaped (not rigid)
Plasma membrane=
Phospholipid bilayer=
Micelle=
Plasma membrane= the cytosol of nearly all prokaryotes is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane)
Phospholipid bilayer= is composed of phosphate group, two fatty acid chains, and a glycerol backbone. (Amphipathic= having both polar and non polar portions)
Micelle= when an amphipathic molecule is dropped into an aqueous solution it turns the polar heads outside and all the non polar groups point inside.
Integral or intrinsic proteins=
Peripheral or extrinsic proteins=
Fluid mosaic model=
Integral or intrinsic proteins= amphipathic proteins that traverse the membrane from the inside of the cell to the outside.
Peripheral or extrinsic proteins= are situated only on the surface.
Fluid mosaic model= the membrane is fluid, and forces holding the entire membrane together are intermolecular; its parts can move laterally but cannot separate. Hopanoids (steroid like molecules for prokaryotes) reduce the fluidity of the membrane.
Diffusion=
Chemical concentration gradient=
Electrical gradient=
Electrochemical gradient=
Diffusion= movement from high concentration to low.
Chemical concentration gradient= a change in concentration of a compound over a distance.
Electrical gradient= points in the direction of the charge of the compound.
Electrochemical gradient= two gradients can be added to form a single gradient for a specific compound.
Semipermeable=
Passive diffusion=
Transport or Carrier proteins=
Facilitated diffusion=
Active transport:
Semipermeable= since the membrane slows the diffusion but doesn’t stop it completely. Two aspects of a compound affect the semi permeability: size and polarity.
Passive diffusion= where molecules move through leakage channels across the membrane due to random motion.
Transport or Carrier proteins= are designed to facilitate the diffusion of specific molecules across the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion= use carrier proteins but it must occur down the electro chemical gradient of all species involved. It is said to make the membrane selectively permeable because it is able to select between molecules of similar size and charge.
Active transport: movement of a compound against its electrochemical gradient. Using the ATP, energy, to do so.
Bacterial envelope=
Hypertonic=
Isotonic=
Hypotonic=
Bacterial envelope= surrounding the protoplast, the bacterial plasma membrane and everything inside it is called the protoplast.
Hypertonic= meaning that the bacteria’s aqueous solution of their cytosol has more particles than the aqueous solution surrounding them.
Isotonic= aq solution inside = aq solution outside.
Hypotonic= aq solution inside is less than the aq solution outside.
Gram-staining=
Flagella=
CCW= ____ CW= _____
Gram-staining= gram-positive bacteria have lots of PG and it becomes thick which prevents the stain from leaking out and when stained makes the cell hold the color, purple. Gram-negative bacteria have a less thick cell wall which allows the dye to be washed out, and ultimately the bacterium to be colored pink.
Flagella= made of flagellin protein and allow the bacteria to move. CCW= swims CW= tumble
Genetic recombination for bacteria=
Binary Fission=
Conjugation=
Genetic recombination for bacteria= conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
Binary Fission= asexual reproduction
Conjugation= requires one bacterium to have a plasmid with the gene that codes for a sex pilus. The passage of the plasmid DNA through the sex pilus.
F plasmid (F factor)=
Transformation= .
Transduction=
F plasmid (F factor)= allows for the chromosome to be replicated and transferred.
Transformation= process by which bacteria may incorporate DNA from their external environment in their genome.
Transduction= a bacteriophage acting as a vector and passing on DNA to another cell.
Fungi=
Saprophytic=
Septa=
Fungi: eukaryotic heterotrophs, spend most time in haploid state, and can reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual when situations are tough, and asexual when things are good.
Saprophytic= many fungi do not distinguish between living and dead matter, and thus can be potent pathogens.
Septa= fungi cell walls, which are made of the polysaccharide chitin, which is more resistant to microbial attack.
Mycelium=
Hyphae=
Budding=
Spores=
Mycelium= the fungi as a tangled mass during their growth state.
Hyphae= multiply branched thread like structures.
Budding= asexual reproduction also called cell fission, which is when a smaller cell pinches off from the single parent cell.
Spores= give rise to new mycelia in asexual reproduction.
