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Pathophysiology > 8 - Infections and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense > Flashcards

8 - Infections and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Communicability

A

Ability to spread from one person to another and cause disease

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2
Q

Infectivity

A

Pathogen’s ability to invade and mulitply in host

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3
Q

Virulence

A

Severity or harmfullness of a disease or poison

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4
Q

Toxigenicity

A

Ability to produce toxins (influences a pathogen’s virulence)

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5
Q

Portal of entry

A

Route by which a pathogen infects host

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6
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Lack nucleus, +/- O2, Gram +/- (gram- is more dangerous (outer membrane, porin channels)

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7
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

-Life threatenening, very virulent (resist phagocytosis, protien blockers, inhibit recognition by immune system)
-common nosocomial infection, common on normal skin and nasal passages
-Resist many antibiotics

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8
Q

Exotoxins

A

-Released from inside of pathogen
-damage host cell plasma membranes or interfere with protien synthesis

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9
Q

Endotoxins

A

Released from outer capsule
-activate inflammatory response, produce fever

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10
Q

Bacteremia

A

Presence of bacteria in blood

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11
Q

Septicemia

A

growth of bacteria in blood

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12
Q

Viral disease

A

-Most commong affliction of humans
-to replicate they must enter host cell, as such are self-limiting
-simple organism (DNA/RNA surrounded by Capsid envolope)

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13
Q

Cytopathic

A

Causing damage to living cells

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14
Q

Antigenic variation

A

ability to change viral antigen (spikes) yearly, results in dysfunction in adaptive immune response
E.g. seasonal flu

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15
Q

Fungal Infection

A

Eukaryotes, resist penicillin, simple division reproduction

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16
Q

Mycoses

A

Diseases caused by funghi

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17
Q

Dermatophytes

A

Funghi that invade skin, hair or nails

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18
Q

Tineas

A

Term for diseases caused by dermatophytes
E.g. tinea capitis (scalp infection)

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19
Q

Candida albicans

A

Most common cause of fungal infection
-found in normal human microbiome (skin, vagina, GI)
-Disseminated in immunocompromised, high mortality rates (30-40%)

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20
Q

Disseminated

A

Spread (on same person)

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21
Q

Parasitic Infections

A

-caused by unicellular protazoa
-Spread via vectors or contaminated food/water

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22
Q

Plasmodium malariae

A

Causes (malaria)
-occurs in RBCs, anemia within 48-72 hours
-RBC release cytokines (TNF-a/IL-1) = fever, chills, vomiting

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23
Q

Bactericidal

A

agent that kills other microorganisms

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24
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

agent that inhibts growth of other microorganisms

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25
Q

What has contributed to antibiotic Resistance?

A

-lack of compliance with therapeutic regimen
-overuse of antibiotics

26
Q

Toxoids

A

Chemically altered pathogen toxin injected into body, allows body to learn to defeat that toxin

27
Q

Passive immunotherapy

A

Preformed antibodies are given to individual, obtained from human immunoglobin from pathogen survivor

28
Q

Primary Immune Deficiency

A

Congenital immunodeficiency caused by gentic defect

29
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency

A

Acquired immunodeficiency caused by another illness
-more common than primary but usually less severe (exception of AIDS and cancer)
E.g. cancer

30
Q

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

Underdelvoped thymus leads to absense of T-cells, few lymphocytes

31
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

Thymus and parathyroid gland dysfunction,
leads to inadequate T-cell production and management of plasma calcium

32
Q

Hypogammaglobulinemia

A

Result from defect in B-cell maturation or function, results in lower levels of circulating immunoglobulins (antibodies) in blood

33
Q

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A

Numbers of RBC, WBC, platelets

34
Q

Differential

A

Individual numbers of lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes

35
Q

Quantitative determination of immunoglobins

A

Determines subpopulations of immunoglobins

36
Q

Total Complement Assay

A

Total number of complements in blood

37
Q

Stem Cell Transplantation

A

-transplant from bone marrow, umbiullical cord cells, temporary improvement

38
Q

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) injection

A

Injection of undifferentiated stem cells found in bone marrow, they undergo differentiation into other cell types
-potent immunosuppressive properties

39
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Therapeutic replacement of defective genes
–> reconsititution of immune system
but can lead to leukemia in some recipients

40
Q

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

-Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
-Depletes Helper T-cells –> dysfunctional afaptive immune system, increased susceptibility to disease

41
Q

Epidemiology

A

branch of medicine that deals with incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases

42
Q

Difficulties with HIV vaccine development (2)

A

-HIV is genetically and antigenically variable
-HIV+ people have high levels of antibodies, but are not protective –> even if a vaccine creates antibodies they likely will not function properly

43
Q

Anti-retroviral therapy (ART)

A

Combination drug therapy that inhibits entrance, reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease

44
Q

Retroviral

A

Virus with RNA not DNA

45
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Altered immunological reponse to an antigen that results in disease or damage to host

46
Q

Allergy

A

Harmful effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens

47
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Disturbance in immunological tolerance of self-antigens
clinical disorders are called autoimmune diseases

48
Q

Alloimmunity

A

Immune reacion to tissues of another individual (transplants, transfusions, or fetus)

49
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity

A

IgE mediated (+histamine)
-most common, against enviromental antigens
-includes inital exposure (sensitization) and the subsequent exposure –> release of cytokines creates hypersensitive reaction
E.g. hay fever

50
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity

A

Tissue-specific reactions (also called Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)
-antibody mediated destruction of healthy host cells, against a specific tissue (only attatch to specific plasma membranes)
E.g. hemolysis in medication allergies

51
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex mediated
Immune complexes formed and deposited in tissues, later attatch to cells
E.g. gluten allergy

52
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A

Cell mediated (Does not involve antibodies)

E.g. poison ivy, graft rejection

53
Q

Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction

A

reaction that occurs within minutes or hours

54
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Most rapid and severe immediate immune reaction
Symptoms are pruritis, erythema, vomiting, diarrhea, breathing difficulties

55
Q

Pruritis

A

Severe itching

56
Q

Erythema

A

Red patches on skin

57
Q

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reacion

A

Reaction occurs after serveal hours to maxium of several days later

58
Q

Atopic

A

Individuals predisposed to developing allergies
one parent = 40% of offspring have allergy
both parents = up to 80% of offspring

59
Q

Graves’ Disease

A

Type II Hypersensitvitiy,
-Antibodies target cell malfunction –> targets thyroid, doesn’t kill cells but causes malfunctions

60
Q

Herd Immunity

A

General protection of a population form a disease by means of majority protection rather than individual protection. Requires 85% of population immunized

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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