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Pathophysiology > 4 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology > Flashcards

4 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Injury

A

Cell is unable to maintain homeostasis, can be reversible or irreversible

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2
Q

Physiological

A

Adaptive

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3
Q

Pathogenic

A

Causing disease

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4
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cellular size

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5
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cellular size

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6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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7
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one cell type with another

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8
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cellular growth

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9
Q

Hypoxic Injury

A

Single most common cause of cellular injury, results from lack of oxygen to the cell.
-reduced 02 to mitochondira
-reduced production of ATP=less energy
-Increased accumulation of H+, breakdown of mitochondiral membrane
-increase in intracellular H+
-Loss of membrane potential –> necrosis

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10
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood supply

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11
Q

Ischemia-reperfusion injury

A

Additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen
Caused by oxidative stress + inflammation + increased Ca2+
-decrase in ATP, failure of Na+/K+ pump (uses 80% of cell’s ATP)
-Change in osmolarity –> cellular swelling/shrinking

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12
Q

Free Radicals

A

Atom missing an electron and will attack healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron
-by products of healthy metabolism –> Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS))

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13
Q

Oxidative stress

A

Not enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals –> cellular damage

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14
Q

Antioxidants

A

Atom that has an extra electron in its outer ring that it freely gives to a free radical “neutralizing” it

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15
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
-What 3 things does it cause?

A

Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that causes:
1. Lipid peroxidation
2. Alteration of proteins
3. Alteration of DNA

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16
Q

Lipid Peroxidation

A

Free radical attack lipids –> membrane damage

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17
Q

Xenobiotics

A

substances foreign to the body

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18
Q

4 Common Xenobiotics

A
  1. Lead -most common, can pass through BBB to fetus
  2. Carbon monoxide - oxygen deprivation, attatches to mitochondira 20-30x higher affinity than O2
  3. Ethanol (alcohol) -Liver damage, nutritional deficiencies, J-shaped effect curve
  4. Mercury - global threat to humans and environment
19
Q

On-target toxicity

A

direct damage caused to cells by chemical agents, injure celss by directly combining with critial substances

20
Q

Asphyxiation

A

Failure of cells to recieve or use oxygen

21
Q

Suffocation

A

Systemic hypoxia, no air exchange

22
Q

Strangulation

A

compression/closure of airway, causes cerebral hypoxia

23
Q

Drowning

A

Fluid fills lungs, no oxygen exchange. Fluid can pass through alveolar/capillariy interface –> electrolyte changes in blood

24
Q

Hyperbaric Chamber

A

Treatment for CO poisoning, pressure increases the binding of O2 to Hb instread of CO

24
Q

Chemical Asphyxiation
-2 Causes

A

Prevention of oxygen delivery to cells or its utilization
1. Carbon monoxide (binds to hemoglobin)
2. Cyanide (blocks utilization of oxygen at ETC)

25
Q

Contusion

A

Crushing injurty to muscle, mild = bruise

25
Q

Laceration

A

Cut with irregular edges

26
Q

Fracture

A

Broken or shattered bones

27
Q

Incision

A

Sharp straight wound

28
Q

Incised Wound

A

Wound is longer than it is deep

29
Q

Stab Wound

A

Wound is deeper than it is long

30
Q

Puncture wound

A

Sharp point but not sharp edges

31
Q

Infectious Injury
-3 Mechanisms

A

Invasion of a pathogen resulting in disease
-Invasion and destruction
-toxin production
-hyper-immune reactions

32
Q

Apoptopsis

A

Normal cell death, occurs as part of growth and development. Remains taken away by immune system

33
Q

Autophagy

A

Consumption of a cell’s own contents for fuel to oppose starvation

34
Q

Necrosis

A

Swelling and bursting of cell membrane,
-due to disease, injury, ischemia
-Occurs at cellular level

35
Q

Coagulative necrosis (+ where?)

A

Cause: ischemia or infaction
-coagulation is due to protien denaturation, -cells can be revived if o2 supplied within 20 mins

Found in –> kidney, heart

36
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Dead tissue resembles clumped cheese
Cause: tuberculosis
Danger, dead cells envelop other cells, decreases lung space

Location –> Lungs

37
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells
Transforms tissue to liquid, causes infarction
-often from bacterial infection (Streptococci, E. coli)
Location –> Brain

38
Q

Fatty Necrosis

A

Location –> breasts, abdominal organs
Action of lipases, usually harmless, left alone and body will absorb it

39
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Severe hypoxic injuryn to major arteries, often in lower leg
-becomes medium for bacterial growth (anaerobic)

40
Q

Gas ganrene

A

Due to clostridium (anaerobic bacteria) infection, produces gas that is fatal if it enters blood and diminishes oxygen-carrying capacity of RBC

41
Q

Oncosis

A

Cell death due to swelling
-Injury –> hypoxia –> ATP decreases –> Na+ enters cell, K+ leaves cell, causing water enter as it follows sodium
-Osmotic pressure increases, more water moves into cell
-cisternae of ER distend, rupture, form vacuoles–> etensive vacuolation
-Hydropic degeneration

42
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Progressive/generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, (sarco:flesh/penia:deficient)
often occurs with aging

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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