10 - Cancer (Unfinished)

Question 1

Anaplasia

Answer 1

Loss of cellular differentiation

Question 2

Pleomorphic

Answer 2

Variable in size and shape

Question 3

Stroma

Answer 3

General word for “supporting structure”

Question 4

Metastasis

Answer 4

Ability to spread beyond tissue of origin, most deadly characteristic of malignant tumors

Question 5

Carcinoma

Answer 5

cancer arising from epithelial tissue

Question 6

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 6

cancer arising from ductal or glandular structures

Question 7

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

Answer 7

Preinvasive epithelial tumours of glandular or squamous cells origin. Have not yet invaded surrounding stroma, not considered malignant.

Question 8

Contact Inhibition

Question 9

Three stages of Cancer

Answer 9

1. Tumor initiaion (inital cancer cell)
2. Tumor promotion (population of cancer cells increase, w/ addition mutations
   3.Tumor progression (metastasis)

Question 10

Point Mutations

Answer 10

alteration of one or a few
nucleotide base pairs / can have profound effects on activity of resultant proteins

Question 11

Driver mutations

Answer 11

Mutations that “drive” the progression of cancer

Question 12

Passenger mutations

Answer 12

Mutations that don’t contribute to malignancy, just random events (incidental)

Question 13

Chromosome translocations

Answer 13

Section of one chromosome is translocated to another chromosome, large change in chromosome structure

Question 14

Gene amplification

Answer 14

Instead of normal two copies of gene, tens or even hundreds of copies are present.
Example: gene expression of HER2 proteins

Question 15

Clonal Proliferation Model

Answer 15

Selective advantage cancer cell has over neighboring cells = it can replicate faster than nonmutant neighbors

Question 16

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 16

Normal genes that direct protein synthesis and cellular growth

Question 17

Oncogenes

Answer 17

Mutated proto-oncogenes cells, operate independent of body regulatory mechanisms, allows uncontrolled growth

Question 18

Burkitt Lymphoma

Answer 18

Cancer where translocation changes normal chromosomes to produce oncogenes and abnormal B lymphocytes.

Question 19

Anti-oncogenes

Answer 19

Tumour supressing genes, must be inactivated for caner proliferation to occur.

Question 20

P53

Answer 20

Referred to as “Guardian of the Genome” Monitors cellular stress and activates caretaker genes to repair genetic damage, inactivation requires at least two mutations

Question 21

Hayflick Limit

Answer 21

Limit to cellular division

Question 22

Telomeres

Answer 22

Cap on end of chromosome, “ticket” that must be used in order to divide, limits cell division

Question 23

Telomerase

Answer 23

Enzyme that maintains telomeres, usually only active in gonads, but is also activated by cancer for unlimited proliferation

Question 24

Angiogenesis

Answer 24

Production of new blood vessels.
Cancers secrete angiogenic factors to form vessels that support them.

Question 25

Warburg effect

Answer 25

aerobic glycolosis, allows cancer cells to continually produce lactate which is a source of molecular building blocks

Question 26

Intrinsic controlled apoptosis

Answer 26

Monitors cellular stress, if cell can recover, activation of BAX. If cell must be destroyed, activation of BAK. (regulate release of pro-apotoptic molecules)

Question 27

Extrinsic controlled apoptosis

Answer 27

Dormant until death receptor is activated by BAK

Question 28

Anoikis

Answer 28

Induction of apoptosis when a cell has seperated from its ECM attatchment

Question 29

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

Answer 29

Model for transition of cancer cells to metastatic cancer cells
-occurs normally in embryonic development and wound healing
1.Transition from epithelial like cells to more undifferentiated cells
2.Undiferentiated cells avoid anoikis, enter circulation and spread,

Question 30

Intravasation

Question 31

Extravasation

Question 32

Tumour-Initiaitng Cells (TICs)

Question 33

Dormancy

Answer 33

a stable non-proliferating state that is reversible

Question 34

oncolytic viruses

Answer 34

Viruses that specifically attack cancer cells

Question 35

Stage I Cancer

Question 36

Stage II Cancer

Question 37

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Question 38

Cachexia Syndrome

Question 39

leukopenia

Question 40

Thrombocytopenia

Question 41

Asthenia