6 - Immunity Inflammation and Wound Healing

Question 1

Innate Immunity (+2 types)

Answer 1

Immunity we are born with.
First line of defece: Physical, mechanical and chemical barriers
Second line: Inflammation, (macrophages and neutophils)

Question 2

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 2

Aquired immunity, third line of defence
-uses B-cells and T-cells

Question 3

Dendritic cells

Answer 3

Connect innate and adaptive immune response, first cell to contact the pathogen

Question 3

Prostaglandins

Answer 3

Overseer of events in immune resonse

Question 4

Mast Cells

Answer 4

Important inflammation activator

Question 5

Lymphokines

Answer 5

cytokines relased from lymph

Question 5

Cytokines

Answer 5

Chemical molecules released that regulate innate and adaptive immunity, can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammitory

Question 6

IL-1 produced by?

Answer 6

Macrophages

Question 6

Monokines

Answer 6

Cytokines released from monocytes, change into macrophages

Question 7

Interleukins

Answer 7

Released by macrophages and lymphocytes, simiar to cytokines but are self-limiting

Question 8

IL-6 produced by?

Answer 8

macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts

Question 9

Cytokine storm syndrome

Answer 9

In covid 19, severe systemic inflammatory response where IL-6 –> excessive recruitment of lymphocytes
-treatment: IL-6 antibodies to counteract

Question 10

Cachexia

Answer 10

Muscle wasting

Question 11

Granuloma

Answer 11

A section of tissue walled off by the body (often to hold back an infection)

Question 12

TNF-a (+ it’s effects)

Answer 12

cytokine, not an interleukinm, massive inflammatory effects
-released by macrophages and mast cells
Causes: fever, cachexia, fatal shock (gram - bacterial infections) , granulomas

Question 13

IL-10

Answer 13

Lymphkine, anti-inflammitory

Question 14

5 Signs of Acute Local Inflammation

Answer 14

Heat, redness, swelling, tenderness, pain

Question 15

Inflammation

Answer 15

Cooridinated response to cell injury or death, can be acute or chronic

Question 16

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Answer 16

Determination of the rate of RBC settling in saline solution
-Increase in infection –> RBCs bind to eachother and settle at a faster rate
-So, increased ESR = increased infection

Question 17

C-reactive protein

Answer 17

Caused by effect on liver, concentration in blood increases in response to inflammation
-non-specific, not unique to any disease

Question 18

WBC count

Answer 18

Measurement of increased neutrophils, increase in neutrophills in the bloodstream indicates infection is ongoing

Question 19

Acute inflammation (+3 systemic changes)

Answer 19

-Lasts less than two weeks, but can become chronic if not resolved
-swelling, pain, redness, heat
-localized
Three changes: fever, leukocytosis, increase in circulating protiens (used as building blocks to repair damage)

Question 20

Chronic Inflammation

Answer 20

Longer than 2 weeks, can be preceeded by acute or its own process
Cause resistant microrganisms (produce toxins, survive in a macrophage etc..)
-presents with dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages
-creates granuloma

Question 20

Wound healing phases (3)

Answer 20

1.Inflammation
2.Proliferation
3.Remodeling and Maturation

Question 21

Tissue Repair Intentions (3)

Answer 21

1. Primary –> clean incision, early suture, fine scar
2. Secondary –> gaping wound, edges cannot be brought together, wound is left open to heal spontaneously
   3.Tertiary –> Delayed primary closure (allows for wound observation), leads to increased granulation, is eventually sutured but with wider scar

Question 22

Adhesions

Answer 22

Abnormal union of membranous surfaces, painful

Question 23

Strictures and Contractures

Answer 23

Excess wound contraction, leading to tight skin, common with burns

Question 24

Dehiscense

Answer 24

Incision separates following surgery, wound is considered “dishiced”

Question 25

Evisceration

Answer 25

Surgical complication, incision opens and abdomnial organs protrude

Question 26

Antineoplastic

Answer 26

Drugs used for cancer treatment to slow cell division, blocks formation of new neoplasms (abnormal cell growth). Has negative side effects.