8 - Chemical Injury Flashcards
What is toxic to cilia?
Formaldehyde
What are the 2 main classes of carcinogens?
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Nitrosamines
What causes the alcohol related toxic effect of a decrease in NAD required for FAO –> Fatty Liver?
alcohol dehydrogenase
What causes the alcohol related competition with other drugs leading to toxicities?
Cyto P450 enzymes (CYP2E1)
What are the 2 chronic effects of Ethyl Alcohol?
Thiamine Deficiency –> peripheral neuropathy
FAS (especially in 1st trimester)
What do metabolites of methyl alcohol cause?
metabolic acidosis –> blindness
What is a treatment for Methyl Alcohol that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase?
Fomepizole
What is a treatment for Methyl Alcohol that is a competitive binder to the enzyme?
Ethanol
What does Carbon Tetrachloride cause?
Centro lobular Necrosis
What is the risk associated with Benzene (rubber industry)?
leukemia
What is the risk associated with Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (coal and gas combustion)
lung and bladder cancer
chimney sweeps –> scrotal cancer
What is the risk associated with PCBs and Dioxin?
Chloracne
What is the risk associated with Vinyl Chloride in Polyvinyl Resins?
Angiosarcoma of Liver
What is the risk associated with Mineral Dust?
Cases Pneumoconioses
What are the symptoms associated with CO?
cherry-red color of blood and dependent skin
What does CO form?
carboxyhemoglobin –> incapable of binding O2
What are the sources of Cyanide?
peach and apricot pits
What are the symptoms associated with Cyanide?
cherry-red blood, bitter almond odor on breath
What is the treatment for Cyanide Toxicity?
Nitrite (produces methemoglobin –> complexes with and dissociated the enzyme bound cyanide)
What are the symptoms associated with Arsenic Toxicity?
dark brown/black skin pigmentation and hyperkeratosis (palms and soles)
What are the symptoms associated with Lead Toxicity?
- Lead Line of Gingiva
- Heme synthesis impaired
- Lead Colic
- Children –> increased bone density
- Adults –> peripheral neuropathy
What are the symptoms associated with Acute Mercury Poisoning?
erosion of oral and gastric mucosa
What are the symptoms associated with Chronic Mercury Poising?
gingival line, and eosinophilic globules in renal tubules
What are the symptoms associated with Acute Cadmium Toxicity?
obstructive lung disease caused by necrosis of alveolar macrophages
What are the symptoms associated with Chronic Cadmium Toxicity?
synthesis of metallothionein –> damages PCT –> proteinuria –> End stage renal disease
What are the symptoms associated with Chromium Toxicity?
Hexavalent Cr –> DNA damage
What are the symptoms associated with Nickel Toxicity?
DNA damage –> inactivate Tumor suppressor genes by hypermethylation
