4 - Infectious Granulomatous Disease Flashcards
When Prion protein (PrP) changes shape it becomes?
protease resistant
What do some viruses (CMV and Herpes) make in infected cells, which cause changes in protein expression?
inclusion bodies
What infect bacteria and can influence disease by encoding bacterial virulence factors (adhesions, toxins, enzymes)?
Bacteriophage, Plasmids, Transposons (mobile genetic elements)
What bacteria usually remain extracellular but some grow only within the host?
obligate intracellular bacteria
What bacteria can live inside or outside the host; they have a choice?
facultative intracellular bacteria
What organisms divide by binary fission and are sensitive to antibiotics, but are different from bacteria in that they lack key structures?
Chlamydia, Rickettsias, Mycoplasmas
What key structure do Mycoplasmas lack?
no cell wall
What key structure does Chlamydia lack?
can’t make ATP
Rickettsia, replicate in membrane-bound vacuoles in what cells?
endothelial
Chlamydia, replicate in membrane-bound vacuoles in what cells?
epithelial
How is Rickettsiae transmitted?
arthropod vectors (lice, ticks, mites)
What is the most frequent infectious cause of female sterility (fallopian tube scarring) and blindness?
Chlamydia trachomatis
What color stain is gram-positive bacteria?
purple
What color stain is gram-negative bacteria?
pink
What causes hemorrhagic vasculitis (rash), Q fever, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsiae
What are the smallest known free-living organisms?
Mycoplasma
How are Ureaplasma infections transmitted?
venereally
What makes up the cell walls of fungi?
chitin
What makes up the cell membranes of Fungi?
ergosterol
Fungi grow as budding … or filamentous …
yeasts; hyphae
What Endemic Fungi is limited to the Ohio River Valley?
Histoplasma
What Endemic Fungi is limited to the American Southwest?
Coccidiodes
What is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries?
Protozoa ~20% are parasitic; pathogenic to humans
What Intracellular Parasitic Protozoa is in Erythrocytes and the cause of Malaria?
Plasmodium
What Intracellular Parasitic Protozoa is in Macrophages?
Leishmania
What Protozoa is sexually transmitted?
Trichomonas vaginalis
What Protozoa is transmitted via oocyst shedding kittens, and undercooked meat?
Toxoplasma gondii
The Ectoparasite, deer tick transmits Lyme Disease via what?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What Special Stain is used to diagnose, TB, and Leprosy?
Acid-fast
What Special Stain is used to diagnose, Fungal Infections?
Silver - GMS stain
What Special Stain is used to diagnose, Parasites (Malaria)?
Giemsa
What Special Stain is used to diagnose, fluids that don’t normally have bacteria in them (CSF, Synovial Fluid)?
Gram Stain
The nucleic acid-based test, PCR, is used to Diagnose what diseases? (4)
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, TB, Herpes Encephalitis
In Bacterial Adherence, what covers Gram+ bacteria?
Fibrillae
In Bacterial Adherence, what are the filamentous proteins on Gram - bacteria?
Fimbriae (pili)
What virulence factor allows entry into phagocytes?
C3b
Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In MACs what blocks phagosome/lysosome fusion?
M. tuberculosis
Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In MACs what degrades phagosome membrane?
L. monocytogenes
What is LPS composed of?
- Core sugar chain
- Lipid A (long chain fatty acid)
- O antigen (variable carb chain - distinguishes strains)
What results from Low Level LPS?
leukocyte recruitment, T-cell activation
What Bacterial Enzyme (exotoxin), that allow bacterial survival and can produce tissue damage, in S. aureus, cleaves epidermal adhesion proteins, allowing for easier invasion and desquamation?
proteases
What Bacterial Enzyme (exotoxin) in Clostridium perfringens, produces “gas gangrene” through digestion of host tissues?
alpha toxin (lecithinase)
In Immunocompromised pts, with deficiency in Ab production or PMNs results in infections with … and some …
extracellular bacteria; fungi
In Immunocompromised pts, with deficiency in T-cell mediated immunity results in infections with … and …
viral; intracellular bacteria
Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In epithelial cells, what inhibit protein synthesis, replicate, and lyse cell?
Shigella, E. coli
What is an example of an exotoxin that alters signaling or regulatory pathways –> stops protein synthesis –> cell death
C. diphtheria
Bacterial Exotoxin Superantigens cause … –> widespread T cell activation –> increase cytokine release “cytokine storm”
MHC-II T cell receptor bridging
What bacteria are superantigens involved in toxic shock syndrome?
S. aureus and S. pyogenes
Host-Mediated Injury: MACs inhibit spread, granulomatous response damages tissue and leads to fibrosis.
M. tuberculosis
Host-Mediated Injury: host response is what actually damages liver cells.
HBV infections
Host-Mediated Injury: In what do antibodies to streptococcal M proteins, cross react with cardiac proteins?
Rheumatic fever
Host-Mediated Injury: In what do antibodies to streptococcal M proteins, produce antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in kidney?
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Supportive Inflammation, run to acute tissue damage, is often the response to what extracellular bacteria?
gram + cocci, gram - rods
What pattern of inflammation is common to all chronic inflammatory processes, when acute, often due to viruses, intracellular bacteria, or intracellular parasites, also caused by spirochetes and helminths?
Mononuclear Inflammation
In Mononuclear Inflammation with is the cell type for HBV?
lymphocytes
In Mononuclear Inflammation with is the cell type for Syphilis (primary or secondary)?
plasma cells
A form of mononuclear inflammation, caused by agents that resist eradication
Granulomatous Inflammation
What pattern of inflammation is usually virus induced, and has sparse inflammation?
Cytoproliferative
What type of infection is found in Burn victims?
P. aeruginosa
