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General Pathology Exam 1 > 4 - Infectious Granulomatous Disease > Flashcards

4 - Infectious Granulomatous Disease Flashcards

1
Q

When Prion protein (PrP) changes shape it becomes?

A

protease resistant

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2
Q

What do some viruses (CMV and Herpes) make in infected cells, which cause changes in protein expression?

A

inclusion bodies

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3
Q

What infect bacteria and can influence disease by encoding bacterial virulence factors (adhesions, toxins, enzymes)?

A

Bacteriophage, Plasmids, Transposons (mobile genetic elements)

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4
Q

What bacteria usually remain extracellular but some grow only within the host?

A

obligate intracellular bacteria

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5
Q

What bacteria can live inside or outside the host; they have a choice?

A

facultative intracellular bacteria

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6
Q

What organisms divide by binary fission and are sensitive to antibiotics, but are different from bacteria in that they lack key structures?

A

Chlamydia, Rickettsias, Mycoplasmas

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7
Q

What key structure do Mycoplasmas lack?

A

no cell wall

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8
Q

What key structure does Chlamydia lack?

A

can’t make ATP

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9
Q

Rickettsia, replicate in membrane-bound vacuoles in what cells?

A

endothelial

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10
Q

Chlamydia, replicate in membrane-bound vacuoles in what cells?

A

epithelial

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11
Q

How is Rickettsiae transmitted?

A

arthropod vectors (lice, ticks, mites)

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12
Q

What is the most frequent infectious cause of female sterility (fallopian tube scarring) and blindness?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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13
Q

What color stain is gram-positive bacteria?

A

purple

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14
Q

What color stain is gram-negative bacteria?

A

pink

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15
Q

What causes hemorrhagic vasculitis (rash), Q fever, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

Rickettsiae

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16
Q

What are the smallest known free-living organisms?

A

Mycoplasma

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17
Q

How are Ureaplasma infections transmitted?

A

venereally

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18
Q

What makes up the cell walls of fungi?

A

chitin

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19
Q

What makes up the cell membranes of Fungi?

A

ergosterol

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20
Q

Fungi grow as budding … or filamentous …

A

yeasts; hyphae

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21
Q

What Endemic Fungi is limited to the Ohio River Valley?

A

Histoplasma

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22
Q

What Endemic Fungi is limited to the American Southwest?

A

Coccidiodes

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23
Q

What is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries?

A

Protozoa ~20% are parasitic; pathogenic to humans

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24
Q

What Intracellular Parasitic Protozoa is in Erythrocytes and the cause of Malaria?

A

Plasmodium

25
Q

What Intracellular Parasitic Protozoa is in Macrophages?

A

Leishmania

26
Q

What Protozoa is sexually transmitted?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

27
Q

What Protozoa is transmitted via oocyst shedding kittens, and undercooked meat?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

28
Q

The Ectoparasite, deer tick transmits Lyme Disease via what?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

29
Q

What Special Stain is used to diagnose, TB, and Leprosy?

A

Acid-fast

30
Q

What Special Stain is used to diagnose, Fungal Infections?

A

Silver - GMS stain

31
Q

What Special Stain is used to diagnose, Parasites (Malaria)?

A

Giemsa

32
Q

What Special Stain is used to diagnose, fluids that don’t normally have bacteria in them (CSF, Synovial Fluid)?

A

Gram Stain

33
Q

The nucleic acid-based test, PCR, is used to Diagnose what diseases? (4)

A

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, TB, Herpes Encephalitis

34
Q

In Bacterial Adherence, what covers Gram+ bacteria?

A

Fibrillae

35
Q

In Bacterial Adherence, what are the filamentous proteins on Gram - bacteria?

A

Fimbriae (pili)

36
Q

What virulence factor allows entry into phagocytes?

A

C3b

37
Q

Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In MACs what blocks phagosome/lysosome fusion?

A

M. tuberculosis

38
Q

Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In MACs what degrades phagosome membrane?

A

L. monocytogenes

39
Q

What is LPS composed of?

A
  • Core sugar chain
  • Lipid A (long chain fatty acid)
  • O antigen (variable carb chain - distinguishes strains)
40
Q

What results from Low Level LPS?

A

leukocyte recruitment, T-cell activation

41
Q

What Bacterial Enzyme (exotoxin), that allow bacterial survival and can produce tissue damage, in S. aureus, cleaves epidermal adhesion proteins, allowing for easier invasion and desquamation?

A

proteases

42
Q

What Bacterial Enzyme (exotoxin) in Clostridium perfringens, produces “gas gangrene” through digestion of host tissues?

A

alpha toxin (lecithinase)

43
Q

In Immunocompromised pts, with deficiency in Ab production or PMNs results in infections with … and some …

A

extracellular bacteria; fungi

44
Q

In Immunocompromised pts, with deficiency in T-cell mediated immunity results in infections with … and …

A

viral; intracellular bacteria

45
Q

Virulence factors determine intracellular survival: In epithelial cells, what inhibit protein synthesis, replicate, and lyse cell?

A

Shigella, E. coli

46
Q

What is an example of an exotoxin that alters signaling or regulatory pathways –> stops protein synthesis –> cell death

A

C. diphtheria

47
Q

Bacterial Exotoxin Superantigens cause … –> widespread T cell activation –> increase cytokine release “cytokine storm”

A

MHC-II T cell receptor bridging

48
Q

What bacteria are superantigens involved in toxic shock syndrome?

A

S. aureus and S. pyogenes

49
Q

Host-Mediated Injury: MACs inhibit spread, granulomatous response damages tissue and leads to fibrosis.

A

M. tuberculosis

50
Q

Host-Mediated Injury: host response is what actually damages liver cells.

A

HBV infections

51
Q

Host-Mediated Injury: In what do antibodies to streptococcal M proteins, cross react with cardiac proteins?

A

Rheumatic fever

52
Q

Host-Mediated Injury: In what do antibodies to streptococcal M proteins, produce antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in kidney?

A

Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

53
Q

Supportive Inflammation, run to acute tissue damage, is often the response to what extracellular bacteria?

A

gram + cocci, gram - rods

54
Q

What pattern of inflammation is common to all chronic inflammatory processes, when acute, often due to viruses, intracellular bacteria, or intracellular parasites, also caused by spirochetes and helminths?

A

Mononuclear Inflammation

55
Q

In Mononuclear Inflammation with is the cell type for HBV?

A

lymphocytes

56
Q

In Mononuclear Inflammation with is the cell type for Syphilis (primary or secondary)?

A

plasma cells

57
Q

A form of mononuclear inflammation, caused by agents that resist eradication

A

Granulomatous Inflammation

58
Q

What pattern of inflammation is usually virus induced, and has sparse inflammation?

A

Cytoproliferative

59
Q

What type of infection is found in Burn victims?

A

P. aeruginosa

General Pathology Exam 1 (11 decks)

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