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General Pathology Exam 1 > 2 - Inflammation > Flashcards

2 - Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What activates TLR?

A

PAMP

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2
Q

TLR activation results in up regulation of …, which activates immune response genes leading to production of multiple …?

A

NFKB; immune mediators

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3
Q

Inflammasomes sense dead cell products –> activates … –> which activates … –> resulting in …

A

caspase-1; IL-1; Leukocyte Recruitment

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4
Q

What are the cell-derived mediators of Acute Inflammation?

A

AA metabolites, Masts Cells, Cytokines, NO

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5
Q

What are the plasma-protein derived mediators of Acute Inflammation?

A

Complement, and Hageman Factor

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6
Q

AA is released from the phospholipid cell membrane by …

A

phospholipase A2

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7
Q

AA is acted upon by what?

A

cyclooxygenase OR 5-lipoxygenase

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8
Q

AA Metabolites: What does Cyclooxygenase produce?

A

Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

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9
Q

AA Metabolites: What PGs mediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

A

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2

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10
Q

AA Metabolites: What also mediates pain and fever?

A

PGE2

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11
Q

AA Metabolites: What inhibits platelet aggregation?

A

PGI2

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12
Q

AA Metabolites: What causes vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation?

A

TXA2

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13
Q

AA Metabolites: What does 5-lipoxygenase produce?

A

Leukotrienes (LT)

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14
Q

AA Metabolites: What attracts (chemotaxis) and activates neutrophils?

A

LTB4

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15
Q

AA Metabolites: What are slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis; mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability?

A

LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4

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16
Q

AA Metabolites: What inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion?

A

Lipoxins

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17
Q

What do Corticosteroids (cortisones, prednisone) inhibit?

A

Phospholipase

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18
Q

What do NSAIDS inhibit?

A

COX

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19
Q

What is expressed in most tissues and increased during inflammation?

A

COX-1

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20
Q

What is absent from most normal tissues and is induced during inflammation?

A

COX-2

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21
Q

What are the COX-1 inhibitors? (3)

A

aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve)

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22
Q

What is the COX-2 inhibitor?

A

Celebrex

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23
Q

What are Lipoxygenase inhibitors (Singular) used to treat?

A

Asthma

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24
Q

What 3 things activate Mast Cells?

A
  1. tissue trauma
  2. C3a and C5a
  3. cross-linking of IgE by antigen
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25
Q

The Immediate Response of Mast Cells involves the release of what?

A

histamine granules

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26
Q

The Delayed Response of Mast Cells involves production of what?

A

AA metabolites, particularly LT (prolong the inflammatory response over hrs)

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27
Q

What Cytokines are the Acute Inflammation major players and what is their main role?

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6

endothelial cell activation

28
Q

What Cytokines are the Chronic Inflammation major players?

A

INF-g, IL-12

29
Q

What is an example of a Chemokine = cytokine that acts as chemotactic agents for various inflammatory cells?

A

IL-8

30
Q

What Cytokines exhibit negative feedback to downregulate inflammation?

A

IL-10, TGF-B

31
Q

All Complement pathways result in production of what, which in turn, produces what?

A

C3 convertase –> C5 convertase

32
Q

C5b complexes with C6-C9 to form what?

A

MAC (membrane attack complex)

33
Q

Complement: What triggers mast cell degranulation?

A

C3a, C5a

34
Q

Complement: chemotactic for neutrophils?

A

C5a

35
Q

Complement: opsonin for phagocytosis?

A

C3b

36
Q

Complement: lyses microbes by creating a hole in the cell membrane?

A

MAC

37
Q

Hageman Factor (Factor XII) is produced in the liver, and activated upon exposure to sub endothelial or tissue …

A

collagen

38
Q

Hageman Factor: activates Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Systems, Complement, and …

A

Kinin System

39
Q

Hageman Factor: What does Kinin do?

A

cleaves HMWK –> bradykinin

40
Q

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation: Redness and Warmth, due to vasodilation, occurs via relaxation of arteriolar sm; what are the key mediators?

A

histamine, PGs, bradykinin

41
Q

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation: What mediates Pain (dolor)?

A

Bradykinin and PGE2, sensitize sensory nerve endings

42
Q

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation: What causes Fever?

A

Pyrogens and increased PGE2

43
Q

Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation - Fever: Pyrogens cause macrophages to release what, which increase COX activity in perivascular cells of the hypothalamus

A

IL-1, TNF

44
Q

What is the hallmark cell of acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

45
Q

Rolling: what is P-selectin mediated by?

A

histamine

46
Q

Rolling: What induces E-selectin?

A

TNF, IL-1

47
Q

What do Selectins bind to that results in rolling of leukocytes along vessel wall?

A

sialyl-Lewis X

48
Q

What are the Cellular adhesion molecules?

A

ICAM and VCAM

49
Q

Adhesion: what become high affinity and are unregulated by C5a and LTB4?

A

Integrins

50
Q

Interaction of what results in firm adhesion of leukocytes to the vessel wall?

A

CAMs and integrins

51
Q

Transmigration and Chemotaxis: Neutrophils are attracted by what bacterial products?

A

IL-8, C5a, LTB4

52
Q

Phagocytosis: is enhances by what opsonins?

A

IgG and C3b

53
Q

Chronic Granulation Disease is characterized by poor O2 dependent killing, due to what defect?

A

NADPH oxidase defect (X-linked or autosomal recessive)

54
Q

What test is used to screen for CGD?

A

Nitroblue tetrazolium

55
Q

What predominate after neutrophils and peak 2-3 days after inflammation begins?

A

Macrophages

56
Q

What from macrophages recruits additional neutrophils?

A

IL-8

57
Q

What kind of Inflammation is due to burn or viral infection, tend to be watery?

A

Serous inflammation

58
Q

What kind of inflammation is common in bacterial infections

A

Purulent or suppurative inflammation

59
Q

What kind of inflammation is rich in fibrin which makes it sticky, covering called a pseudomembrane; noted when inflammation occurs in a body cavity?

A

Fibrinous Inflammation

60
Q

Classical Pathway - Macrophage Activation: induced by microbial products (LPS), T cell signals, foreign substances and …

A

IFN-gamma

61
Q

What induces the Alternative Macrophage Activation Pathway?

A

IL-4, IL-13 from T cells and other cells

62
Q

In the Alternative Macrophage Activation Pathway macrophages are not actively attacking microbes, instead they help in repair by secreting … to promote angiogenesis, fibroblast activation, collagen synthesis?

A

TGF-Beta

63
Q

What produce IFN-gamma stimulate classical pathway for MACs?

A

Th1 cells

64
Q

What secrete IL-4, IL-13 which activate eosinophils and stimulate alternative pathway for MACs; important in allergic inflammation and in defense against parasites?

A

Th2 cells

65
Q

What secrete IL-17 recruits PMNs and monocytes?

A

Th17 cells

66
Q

Found in inflammatory sites around parasitic infections and associated with Ig-E mediated immune reactions (allergies)

A

Eosinophils

General Pathology Exam 1 (11 decks)

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