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Semester 5 - Neuro > 8 - Cerebral cortex + higher cortical function > Flashcards

8 - Cerebral cortex + higher cortical function Flashcards

1
Q

Which cortical levels contain pyramidal cells?

A

Levels II, III, V, VI

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2
Q

What are some symptoms of a frontal lobe lesion?

A
  • Inappropriate behaviour
  • Loss of empathy and inability to infer the mental state of others
  • Apathy
  • ^/decrease in sexuality
  • Struggle to express emotions
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3
Q

Damage to the L parietal lobe results in what symptoms?

A
  • R-L confusion
  • Agraphia
  • Acalculia
  • Aphasia
  • Agnosia
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4
Q

Damage to the R parietal lobe results in what symptoms?

A
  • Contralateral neglect

- Constructional apraxia

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5
Q

Damage to both parietal lobes results in what symptoms?

A
  • R-L confusion
  • Agraphia
  • Acalculia
  • Aphasia
  • Agnosia
  • Contralateral neglect
  • Constructional apraxia
  • Ocular apraxia
  • Simultanagnosia
  • Optic ataxia
  • May have contralateral inferior homonymous quadrantonopia
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6
Q

Damage to the temporal lobes results in what symptoms?

A
  • Altered auditory sensation and perception
  • Altered visual perception
  • Impaired organisation of verbal material
    • Loss of language comprehension
  • Impaired long-term memory
  • Altered personality and sexual behaviour
  • May have contralateral superior homonymous quadrantonopia
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7
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant in 95% of people?

A

L hemisphere

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8
Q

What are the main roles of the L hemisphere?

A
  • Language
  • Mathematics
  • Logic
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9
Q

What are the main roles of the R hemisphere?

A
  • Body image
  • Visuospatial awareness
  • Emotion
  • Music
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10
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Bundle of white matter connecting the 2 hemispheres

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11
Q

What is the name of the matter which connects the 2 hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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12
Q

Language pathways are usually dominant in which hemisphere?

A

L hemisphere

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13
Q

What is the blood supply to Broca’s area?

A

MCA superior divisions

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14
Q

Describe the location of Broca’s area:

A

Inferior lateral frontal lobe

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15
Q

What is the role of Broca’s area?

A

Production of speech

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16
Q

Which of Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas sit next to the motor cortex and why is this important?

A

Broca’s area

  • Responsible for the production of speech
  • Next to the motor cortex so can influence the facial muscles responsible for speech
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17
Q

Describe the location of Wernicke’s area:

A

Superior lateral temporal lobe

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18
Q

What is the blood supply to Wernicke’s area?

A

MCA inferior divisions

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19
Q

What is the role of Wernicke’s area?

A

Interpretation of language

20
Q

What is the name of the matter connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

21
Q

What is the pathway to repeat a heard word?

A
  • Signal from auditory cortex
  • Signal converted to words at Wernicke’s area
  • Conveyed to Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus
  • Sent to motor cortex to move facial muscles responsible for speech
22
Q

What is the pathway to speak a written word?

A
  • Signal from visual cortex
  • Signal converted to words at Wernicke’s area
  • Conveyed to Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus
  • Sent to motor cortex to move facial muscles responsible for speech
23
Q

What is the pathway to speak a thought?

A
  • Signal from cortex
  • Signal converted to words at Wernicke’s area
  • Conveyed to Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus
  • Sent to motor cortex to move facial muscles responsible for speech
24
Q

Receptive aphasia is a problem with which language area?

A

Wernicke’s area

25
Q

If someone has an impaired ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words, what kind of aphasia would you say this is?

A

Receptive aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia)

26
Q

With which type of aphasia is speech often fluent but incomprehensible?

A

Receptive aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia)

27
Q

Expressive aphasia is a problem with which language area?

A

Broca’s area

28
Q

If someone has an impaired ability to speak in grammatical sentences, what kind of aphasia would you say this is?

A

Expressive aphasia (Broca’s aphasia)

29
Q

With which type of aphasia is comprehension preserved but inability to speak fluently?

A

Expressive aphasia (Broca’s aphasia)

30
Q

What are the 2 types of memory?

A
  • Declarative

- Indeclarative

31
Q

Where do declarative memories tend to be stored?

A

Cerebral cortex

32
Q

What is a declarative memory?

A
  • Explicit facts and events
  • Memories consciously recalled
  • Rapidly learnt, rapidly forgotten
33
Q

Which type of memories are rapidly learnt and rapidly forgotten, and where do they tend to be stored?

A

Declarative memories

- Cerebral cortex

34
Q

What type of memories are explicit facts and events that are consciously recalled?

A

Declarative

35
Q

Where do in indeclarative memories tend to be stored?

A

Cerebellum

36
Q

What is an indeclarative memory?

A
  • Implicit memory of skills and how to do things
  • Memories unconsciously recalled
  • Usually acquired by repetition and practice
  • Difficult to form, long-lasting
37
Q

Which type of memories are hard to form but long-lasting?

A

Indeclarative memories

38
Q

What type of memories are implicit memories of skills and how to do things, and where do they tend to be stored?

A

Indeclarative memories

Cerebellum

39
Q

Which structure of the limbic system is essential for the consolidation of declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus

40
Q

Why is the hippocampus essential for the consolidation of declarative memory?

A

Consolidation of memories requires association of the memories with other things:
- The hippocampus is associated with the visual, auditory, somatosensory and limbic system, so can form associations with different inputs

  • It also acts as an oscillator, relaying the information to the brain over and over again, to form strong synapses
41
Q

Removal of which brain structure removes the capacity to consolidate new memories?

A

Hippocampus

42
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A
  • Inability to form new memories

- Often due to damaged temporal lobes (and underlying hippocampus)

43
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A
  • Inability to recall events prior to an event
44
Q

What are some common causes of retrograde amnesia?

A
  • Car accident

- Alzheimer’s disease

45
Q

Which type of amnesia results in the inability to form new memories?

A

Anterograde amnesia

46
Q

Which type of amnesia results in the inability to recall previous memories?

A

Retrograde amnesia

Semester 5 - Neuro (14 decks)

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