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Semester 5 - Neuro > 4 - Retina + central visual pathways > Flashcards

4 - Retina + central visual pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 main layers of the retina:

A

1) Retinal pigment epithelium

2) Neural layer

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2
Q

What is the function of the retinal pigment epithelium?

A
  • Melanocytes absorb scattered light entering retina to protect against photooxidation of macula cells
  • Transport nutrients to retinal visual cells
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3
Q

Why do albinos have problems seeing in bright sunlight?

A
  • Retinal pigment epithelium is not pigmented (no melanin), so light entering retina is not dampened down = damaged macula cells
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4
Q

What are the 3 main types of cells in the neural layer of the retina?

A

1) Photoreceptor cells: rods and cones
2) Bipolar cells
3) Ganglion cells

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5
Q

Name the 2 main ways to view the retina:

A

1) Fundoscopy

2) Optical Coherence Tomography

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6
Q

Total blindness of one eye:

  • where is the lesion?
  • name some common causes:
A

Optic nerve

  • Optic nerve glioma/meningioma
  • Trauma
  • Retinoblastoma
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7
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia:

  • where is the lesion?
  • name some common causes:
A

Optic chiasm

  • Pituitary adenoma
  • ACA aneurysm
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8
Q

Left homonymous hemianopia:

  • where is the lesion?
  • name some common causes:
A

Right optic tract

  • Neoplasia
  • Stroke
  • Trauma
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9
Q

Left inferior homonymous quadrantonopia:

  • where is the lesion?
  • name some common causes:
A

Right superior parietal radiations

  • Neoplasia
  • Stroke
  • Trauma
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10
Q

Right superior homonymous quadrantonopia:

  • where is the lesion?
  • name some common causes:
A

Left inferior temporal radiations (Meyer’s loop)

  • Neoplasia
  • Stroke
  • Trauma
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11
Q

Left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing:

  • where is the lesion?
  • what is the cause?
  • why is the macula spared?
A

Right primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)

  • Stroke in posterior cerebral artery
  • Macula is supplied by MCA
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12
Q

Which nucleus is involved in the visual pathways?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

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13
Q

What is amaurosis fugax?

Name some common causes:

A

Sensation of ‘black curtain’ falling over 1 or both eyes temporarily

  • TIA
  • Giant cell arteritis
  • Papilloedema
  • MS
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14
Q

A pituitary adenoma can compress the optic chiasm. What visual change would this cause?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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15
Q

What visual change is associated with a stroke in the posterior cerebral artery?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

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16
Q

What is the function of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus?

A

Yokes the medial movement of one eye to the lateral movement of the other eye during lateral gaze

17
Q

What is internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus is damaged, so lateral gaze no longer linked
= abducting eye can move, but adducting eye cannot follow

18
Q

What are some causes of internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

A
  • MS
  • Brainstem stroke
  • Pontine glioma
19
Q

A patient has a tumour arising from the right cavernous sinus and invading medially towards the optic chiasm. Which visual field defect might this result in?

A

Unilateral right nasal hemianopia

20
Q

Destruction of the optic tract is rare. What would be the consequence of compression of the right optic tract?

A

Left homonymous hemianopia

21
Q

Homonymous superior quadrantanopia is most commonly seen in lesions to which part of the visual pathway?

A

Meyer’s loop (inferior temporal optic radiation)

22
Q

Which geniculate nucleus is involved in the visual pathway?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

23
Q

Which geniculate nucleus is involved in the auditory pathway?

A

Medial geniculate pathway

24
Q

Depolarisation of hair cells in the auditory pathway is dependant on the influx of which ion?

A

K+

25
Q

Name some common causes of conductive hearing loss:

A
  • Blocked EAM
  • Ruptured tympanic membrane
  • Otitis media
  • Otosclerosis
  • Rubella
26
Q

Name some common causes of sensorineural hearing loss:

A
  • Gentamicin toxicity
  • Trauma
  • Age-related loss
  • Acoustic neuroma
  • Tinnitus
  • Congenital
  • Neuropathy ie hyperbilirubinaemia
27
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of vertigo?

A

1) BPV = Benign Paroxysmal positional vertigo
2) Acute labyrinthitis
3) Meniere’s disease

28
Q

In which lobe is the auditory cortex?

A

Temporal lobe

29
Q

Otitis media causes which type of hearing loss?

A

Conductive loss

30
Q

Hyperbilirubinaemia can cause which type of hearing loss?

A

Sensori-neural (neuropathy)

Semester 5 - Neuro (14 decks)

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