1 - Topography + definitions Flashcards
Define dysphagia and give some common causes:
Difficulty swallowing
If oropharyngeal:
- Stroke
- MS
- Parkinson’s
If oesophageal:
- Achalasia
- Stricture/tumour/foreign body
- GORD
Define quadriplegia and give some common causes:
Paralysis of all four limbs
- Spinal cord injury between C1-7 ie RTC, high-impact falls
Define paraplegia and give some common causes:
Paralysis of legs and lower body
- Spinal cord injury ie RTC, high-impact falls
- Stroke
Define hemiplegia and give some common causes:
Paralysis of one side of the body
- Trauma to one side of brain
- Stroke/TIA
- MS
Define ataxia and give some common causes:
Loss of full control of body movements:
- coordination
- balance
- speech
- Stroke
- Alcohol abuse
- Cerebral palsy
- MS
Define dyslexia:
Learning difficulty resulting in problems when learning to read or interpreting words, but do not affect general intelligence
Define aphasia and give some common causes:
Difficulty understanding/speaking/reading or writing
- Stroke
- Dementia
- Tumour
- Infection
Define paresis:
Condition of muscular weakness
Define akinesia and give some common causes:
Loss/impaired voluntary movement
- Parkinson’s disease
- Antipsychotic ADR
- Hypothyroidism
Define apraxia and give some common causes:
Inability to perform particular purposeful actions, even though:
- request is understood
- willing to perform task
- muscles work properly
- task has already been learnt
- Congenital
- Stroke
Define dyspraxia:
Developmental disorder affecting coordination and movement
Define dysarthria and give some common causes:
Difficult or unclear articulation of speech
- due to weak muscles or loss of control over muscles
- Stroke
- Parkinson’s disease
- Huntington’s disease
- Brain tumour
- Cerebral palsy
- Head injury
Define dysphonia and give some common causes:
Difficulty speaking
- physical disorder of mouth/tongue/throat/vocal cords
- Tumour of vocal cord
- Inflam: smoking, infection
- Neuro: MS, PD, nerve injury
- Systemic disease: acromegaly, amyloidosis, hypothyroidism, sarcoidosis
- Psychogenic/stress/vocal strain
Define hypertonia and give some common causes:
Increased muscle tone and reduced ability of muscle to stretch
- Parkinson’s disease
- Stroke
- Spinal cord injury
Define agnosia and give some common causes:
Inability to process sensory information, ie visual agnosia
- Stroke
- Dementia
In occipital/temporal lobes
Define dysdiadochokinesia and give some common causes:
Impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements
- MS (adults)
- Cerebellar tumours (children)
- Friedrich’s ataxia
Define hyporeflexia and give some common causes:
Reflex below normal
- Lower motor neurone damage ie trauma, peripheral neuropathy, motor neurone disease
Define areflexia and give some common causes:
Absent reflex
- Late muscular dystrophy
- LMN damage ie trauma, peripheral neuropathy, MND
- Spondylosis
Define spasticity and give some common causes:
Increased muscle tone and reflexes
- Stroke
- Cerebral palsy
- MS
- Traumatic brain injury
Define bradykinesia and give some common causes:
Slow movement
- Parkinson’s disease
- Anti-psychotic ADR
Define palsy:
Paralysis and involuntary tremors
Define chorea and give some common causes:
Jerky involuntary movements of shoulders/hips/face
- Huntington’s disease
- Sydenham’s chorea (strep complication)
- Wilson’s disease
- Drugs ie Levodopa
- SLE
- Thyrotoxicosis
Which lobe is associated with speech recognition and memory?
Temporal lobe
Which lobe is associated with vision?
Occipital lobe
Which lobe is associated with stimulus perception?
Parietal lobe
Which lobe is associated with behaviour?
Frontal lobe
Which part of the brain is associated with movement and coordination?
Cerebellum
What type of brain matter contains cell bodies?
Grey matter
What are the names given to the ridges and grooves of the brain?
Ridges = gyri Grooves = sulci
The cells of the CNS are not capable of regeneration, apart from 2 types:
- Olfactory nerve
- Pituitary stalk axons
What types of cells myelinated the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
What type of cells myeline the PNS:
Schwann cells
Why does having chronically less sleep increase your risk of Alzheimer’s disease?
- Glymphatic system clears waste
- Only works when asleep
- Less sleep = build up of waste
Define falx cerebri:
Dura mater fold which separates the 2 hemispheres in medial longitudinal fissure
Name the 2 layers of the dura mater:
What areas are they not fused together?
1) Periosteal dura
2) Meningeal dura
Dural venous sinuses
Which layer of the meninges is 1 cell thick and acts as a chemical barrier?
Pia mater
From which ventricle can CSF get into the subarachnoid space?
Fourth ventricle -> subarachnoid space
via medial and lateral apertures
What gives white matter its colour?
Fatty myelin surrounding nerve axons
In which lobe is the pre-central gyrus, and what is its function?
Frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex
In which lobe is the post-central gyrus, and what is its function?
Parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex
Perceives pain, temperature, pressure, stretch, vibration, proprioception, 2-point discrimination
