8 Blood Flashcards by Mia Morello

What type of tissue is blood?

Connective

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What are then main constituents of blood?

Plasma (liquid portion)
Cellular portion (cells and cell fragments)

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Name some of the characteristics of blood.

38 degrees
Metallic salty taste
PH between 7.35-7.45
5-6L in adult male

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Why is the temperature of blood slightly higher than that of the body?

Specific heat capacity of water ( retains heat will helps it act as both a cooling and heating mechanism)

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What are teh main functions of blood?

Transportation: O2 from lungs to body and CO2 from body to lungs
-also takes waste and heat away from cells, circulates hormones
Regulation: pH (buffer system), body temperature (water in plasma)
Protection: clotting, wbc carry out phagocytosis and produce antibodies

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What is plasma composed of?

Mostly water
Salts
Plasma proteins

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What are the formed elements in teh blood?

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets (clotting)

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What are the two categories for leukocytes?

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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What are the types of granulocytes?

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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What are the types of agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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What formed elements make of the minority of blood?

Platelets and leukocytes (less than 1%)

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What three sections do we get after centrifuging blood?

Plasma (top)
Buffy coat (middle) (leukocytes and platelets)
Hématocrit (bottom, most dense) (erythrocytes)

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Can blood composition vary within an individual?

Yes, cells are constantly exchanging substances with blood
Ie. locations closer or farther to veins and arteries will have different co2 and o2 levels

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What are teh most abundant solutes in plasma?

Plasma proteins made by the liver (mostly)

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What are the types of plasma proteins?

Albumin (most abuindant)
Clotting proteins (fibrinogen)
Antibodies (globulins and immunoglobulins)

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What does albumin do?

Plasma protein
Important blood buffer
Helps regulate osmotic pressure
Typically stays in blood

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What does fibrinogen do?

Stops blood loss when a vessel is injury
Stays in blood unless you are bleeding
May work with placates depending of severity

What do the formed elements have in common?

All derived from hemocytoblasts

What are hemocytoblasts?

Pleuripotent stem cells
Cells that can develop into many different types of cells

Are blood cells mitotic?

No
No DNA
Few organelles

Which if teh formed elements are complete cells?

Leukocytes

If teh formed elements die so quickly, how are we not deficient?

Regenerate in bone marrow, where they originate

What are the characteristics of RBCs?

No nuclei, very few organelles
No mitochondria which is partly why they die so fast
Carry hemoglobin, (proteins that can latch to oxygen and co2)

What does it mean for the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve to be left shifted?

Increased oxygen affinity->hemoglobin does not want to let go of oxygen so is actually decreasing or preventing the amount of o2 available to tissues

What are teh causes of left-shifted curves in oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curves?

High pH (basic) Low temperature

What does it mean for the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to be right shifted?

Hemoglobin decreases in affinity for o2, delivering more o2 to tissues because its more willing to let it go

What can cause right shifted curves?

Low pH Increased co2 High temperature

What is carbon monoxide and why is it an issue?

Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that has an even higher affinity to hemoglobin that’s oxygen does, so much so that it can result in asphyxiation if not treated immediately It prevents o2 from binding to hemoglobin

What are the effect of CO poisoning?

Tachycardia Acidosis Edema Multiple organ dysfunction Cardiac arrest Symptoms are non descript, could be anything

What is anemia?

Decrease in the o2 carrying ability of blood due to either Lower than normal RBC count Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content of RBC

What is sickle cells anemia?

Form of anemia that results from a genetic mutation Causes the mishapenness of the hemoglobin, affecting its ability to transport o2

What can cause sudden decreases in RBC count?

Hemorrhage Lysis of RBCs cause of bacterial infection Lack of vitamin b12 Destruction of bone marrow

What causes inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs?

Iron deficiency or slow prolonged bleeding Iron essential to making hemoglobin

What is polycythemia?

Opposite of anemia Disorder resulting from excessive RBCs due to bone marrow cancer of life at higher altitudes

What physiological effect does higher RBC count have?

Makes blood more viscous Requires more force to pump Increased risk of cardiac arrest

Why does altitude affect RBC levels?

Less o2 up there so body creates more RBCs to try and latch on to as much as possible

What do leukocytes protect against?

Bacteria Viruses Parasites Toxins Tumor cells

What are the characteristics of leukocytes?

Complete cells, nucleus, organelles and all Can move through walls of blood vessels (diapedesis) Can respond to positive chemotaxis

What is diapedesis?

What is positive chemotaxis?

Chemicals released by damaged tissues Leukocytes follow them to pinpoint damage and destroy foreign particles with greater force