Lab Test 1 Flashcards
What parts of the body are responsible for allow for support and movement of the body?
Bones, joints and skeletal muscle
How are skeletal muscles attaches to bones and how does this result in movement?
Via tendons, muscles contract which consequently moves the bone as they are attached
What is a girdle?
Collection of bones that connect the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton
How many girdles do humans have?
2, the pelvic girdle and the pectoral girdle
What’s the difference between the axial and the appendicular skeleton?
Axial: protects the brain, spinal cord and organs in the thoracic cavity, the central axis of the body, contains the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
Appendicular: limbs and girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton, responsible for movement, contains the limbs, girdles, clavicle, scapulas,
What is the pelvic girdle (in terms of bone structure)?
A complete ring of fused bone
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
To provide a firm structure for the transmission of body weight onto the lower limbs
What are the three bones in the pelvis and how are they connected?
Fused
Ilium (hands on hips)
Ischium (sit bones)
Pubis
How can you differentiate a female girdle vs a male girdle?
The angle of the pubic arch would be greater than 90 in a female girdle
How many bones are in the adult human skeleton?
206
What are the two basic types of bone tissue?
Compact bone: homogenous, dense
Spongy bone: small needle like pieces of bone, looks porous, many open spaces
How can be bones by classified based on shape (give an example of each)?
Long (humerus)
Short (talus)
Flat (sternum)
Irregular (vertebra)
What type of bone primarily makes up long bones?
Compact
What type of bone primarily makes up short bones?
Spongy
What type of bone makes up flat bones?
Compact surrounded by spongy
What is the anatomy of the long bone from the promixal end to distal end?
Proximal epiphysis: articular cartilage, spongy bone, epiphyseal line
Diaphysis: arteries, yellow marrow, red marrow
Distal epiphysis
Describe the anatomy of the diaphysis in a long bone from superficial to deep.
Periosteum -> compact bone -> Medullary cavity
What is the periosteum?
Fibrous connective tissue covering diaphysis
What is the epiphyseal line?
It’s the remnant of the epiphyseal plate, made of hyaline cartilage
What type of cartilage is the articular cartilage made of?
Hyaline, covers the epiphysis to reduce friction
What is yellow marrow made of in adults?
Mostly fat
What done red marrow do in infants?
Blood cell formation
What can you find red marrow in adults?
In cavities of spongy bones, epiphyses of some long bones
What lines the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
What are the parts of the microscopic anatomy of compact bone that we have to know?
Osteon: that main circular thing (contains everything)
Lacuna: contain osteocytes
Haversian canal: that hole in the middle
Interstitial lamellae: fills the space between osteons
Canaliculus: tiny canals to transport nutrients
What does the Haversian canal do in a compact bone cell?
Contains blood vessels and nerves that remove waste and supply nutrients
What is Volksmann’s canal in compact bone?
They are long and connect adjacent Haversian canals from communication
What are the types of bone cells and briefly their main characteristic?
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Osteoblasts: bone forming cells
Osteoclasts: giant bone destroying cells
What do osteoclasts do and why?
They break done cells in the bone matrix for remodelling and the release if calcium in response to parathyroid hormone
What is bone remodelling?
The resorption of old or damaged bone followed by the deposition of new bone material (osteoblasts)
Purpose is to maintain structural integrity of bone and homeostasis of ca2+ and phosphorous levels
What’s a joint?
An articulation= A joint
The place where two or more bones meet and are held together by structures like ligaments
These articulations vary widely in their structure and degree of movement
What are the 3 classes of structural joints?
Cartilaginous Joints (connecting the ribs to the sternum, synchondrosis)
Fibrous Joints (suture, connecting skull bones)
Synovial Joints (multi axial joint, the shoulder joint)
Describe the Fibrous joint in terms of structural characteristics, example, and mobility.
Found in bone end/parts united by collagen fibres
Sutures (short fibres) or Syndesmosis (longer fibres)
Immobile (synarthrosis)
Describe a cartilaginous joint in terms of structural characteristics, examples and mobility.
Bone ends/parts united by cartilage
Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage) or Symphysis (fibrocartilage)
Immobile- slightly mobile (for fibrocartilage)
Describe the synovial joint in terms of structural characteristics, examples, and mobility.
Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane
Ball and socket, pivot, etc
Freely movable (diarthrosis, type of movement depends on design of joint)
What are teh types of body movements around joints? (8)
Flexion, Extension and hyperextension
Abduction, adduction and circumduction
Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
What is abduction (describe the motion)?
Movement of the joint away form the midline of the body
What is adduction (describe the motion)?
Movement of the joint towards the midline of the body
What is flexion (describe the motion)?
Decreasing the angle between the joint (less than 90)
What is extension (describe the motion)?
Increasing the angle of the joint (from 90 to 180)
What is plantar flexion (describe the motion)?
Planting your toes on the ground, pointing
What is dorsiflexion (describe the motion)?
Pointing your toes upward
What is circumduction (describe the motion)?
Happens at neck, shoulders, hips
Rotational motion, making little circles
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments connect bone to bone
How do muscles produce movement/cause bones to move?
Through muscle contraction (shorten) and relaxing (lengthen)
Contraction pulls on bones, which is what causes the motion
What 2 points are skeletal muscle always attached to?
The origin: immovable or less moveable bone
The insertion: attachment to more movable bone
What are the players in producing a movement and what is their function?
Prime mover/agonist: main muscle involved
Synergist: helper of the prime mover, their contraction helps the agonist
Fixators: synergistic that helps the agonist by preventing or reducing movement at the origin, this stabilizing the origin
Antagonist: muscle that opposes the action of the agonist
Why are the bones of the fetal skull not fused together?
Made of soft fibrous connective tissue referred to as membrane, not bone
Later in fetal development this turns to bone through ossification but does not fuse until 2 year after birth
The bones are kept together by what’s left of the membrane
Why is the maxilla hollow?
To allow for the passage of air, creating the sinuses
What are the 3 types of vertebrae and how many are there?
Cervical vertebrae: C1-C7
Thoracic vertebrae: T1-T12
Lumbar vertebrae: L1-L5
What’s the relationship between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs?
There’s a rib connected to each thoracic vertebrae per side
What is the sacrum?
The 5 fused sacral vertebrae, found below the lumbar vertebrae
Forms part of the ring bone if the pelvic girdle
What is the coccyx?
Most inferior part of the vertebral column, vestige of a tail, varies from 3-5 small vertebrae fused together
What is the function of the spinal cord?
To form a flexible protective tube the supports the trunk
Cervical and thoracic vertebrae protect the spinal cord
What’s the difference between the vertebral column and the spinal cord?
The vertebral column is the structure that houses the spinal cord, which is a part of the nervous system, nothing to do with the bones
What makes up the thoracic cage?
12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum (vertebrae not part of the cage)
Protects organs in the thoracic cavity
What are the 3 parts of the sternum we need to know? From superior to inferior?
Manubrium -> body ->Xiphoid process
What is intercostal cartilage?
The hyaline cartilage that connects the sternum to the ribs
What is teh intercostal space?
Space between 2 ribs
What does the sternum do?
Protects the heart and major blood vessels
What is a true rib and how many are there?
A true rib is a rib that connects from the vertebral column to the sternum via hyaline cartilage, 7 pairs
What are false ribs and how many are there?
False ribs are ribs that are not directly connected to the sternum, instead their costal cartilage is connected to the costal cartilage of the previous rib
3 pairs
What are floating ribs and how many are there?
Floating ribs are ribs with no anterior attachment to the sternum or costal cartilage, 2 pairs
What is the costal margin?
The costal margin is made of the costal cartilage of false ribs, follows that line
Defines the thoracic cavity from the upper boundary of the abdominal cavity
Does not include floating ribs
What organ is attached to the costal margin?
The diaphragm
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
A ring of bone (not complete)
Left and right clavicles and left and right scapula (Collar bones, shoulder blades)
What does the clavicle do?
Holds the upper limbs away from the thorax and provides space for blood vessels and nerves
What does the scapula do?
Provides a broad surface to which muscles are attached
Is the scapula attached to the rib cage?
No
Describe the humerus in terms of location and characteristics.
Ball like head that forms ball and socket joint with scapula
Upper arm bone
Describe the ulna in terms of location and characteristics?
Forms a hinge joint with the distal end of the humerus
Smaller bone closer to the medial line than the radius
Describe the radius in terms of its location and characteristics.
Other bone in the forearm
More lateral than the ulna
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, ischium, pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx
Where is the inlet of the pelvis?
It’s that hole in the pelvis structure
Larger, heart shaped/oval in women but more circular in men
What is the difference between the true pelvis and the false pelvis?
The false pelvis is the measure between the iliac wing (most superior part of the ilium) while the true pelvis is a measure under the inlet
Describe the femur in terms of its characteristics and location.
Lower limb, from pelvic girdle to knee
Fits into the socket of the pelvic girdle (femoral head)
The distal end of the femur forms a hinge joint with the tibia
What is the patella?
Knee cap
Describe the tibia in terms of characteristics and location/
Shin bone, medial compared to fibula
Distal end of it has a knob called medial malleolus
What bones make up the ankle joint?
Tibia, fibula and talus
Describe the fibula in terms of characteristics and location.
Thinner bone, lateral to tibia
Distal end has a knob called lateral malleolus
What do the sternocleidomastoid muscles do and where?
Anterior surface of the neck
Pulls on the cranium and holds the superior part of the thorax in place
What bones make up the shoulder?
Humerus, clavicle, scapula
What does the deltoid muscle do and where?
Muscle of the shoulder
Covers ventral, lateral and dorsal surface of shoulder bone
What do the biceps brachii extend from?
Scapula
What is the tricep branchii attached to?
Dorsal surface of the humerus
Proximal end is attached by 3 tendons to the scapula and humerus and the distal end inserts on the ulna
Contraction causes the arm to straighten
Where is the gluteus Maximus?
Located on buttock
Tendon inserts on the femur
When it contracts it straightens the hip joint
What is the hamstring?
On the dorsal surface of the femur
3 muscles in teh group: biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus
What is the quadriceps femoris?
On the ventral surface of the femur
Group of 4 muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and biceps femoris
What is the fancy name of the calf muscle?
Gastrocnemius
What is the diaphragm?
Muscle attached to the costal margin and the vertebral column
Shaped like an inverted bowl
When in contracts, this dome flattens and consequently stretches the lungs to pull in air
What are visceral organs?
Organs in cavities, more specifically organs in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
What parts of the vertebral column are concave and convex?
Cervical and lumbar vertebrae are concave
Thoracic and sacral vertebrae are convex
Coccyx nothing
Where can you find simple squamous epithelial cells?
In serous membranes (mesothelium)
Lining the heart, alveoli, walls of capillaries (endothelium)
Where can simple cuboidal epithelial cells be found?
Kidney tubules, glands and ducts, covering the surface of ovaries
Where can you find simple columnar epithelial cells?
Lining the digestive tract
Bronchi
Uterine tubes
Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells?
Vas deferens (non ciliated)
Trachea and upper respiratory tract (ciliated)
Where can you find stratified squamous cells?
Outer lining of skin
Moist linings like the mouth and esophagus
Where can you find stratified cuboidal and columnar cells and what do they look like?
Cuboidal: 2 layers of cube cells
Columnar: apical laye actually columnar, underneath not necessarily
Ducts of large glands
Where can you find transitional epithelium?
In hollow urinary organs
Basal levels are columnar or cuboidal
What is the purpose of the epididymus?
To store sperm
Where is the pituitary located?
Middle of the brain
Immediately inferior to hypothalamus
Protected by sphenoid bone
Describe the relationship between the pharynx, larynx, esophagus and trachea.
The pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity and leads down to the larynx, about the point where we swallow food, where is goes down for a bit before dividing into trachea and esophagus, this divided by a flap called the epiglottis
Trachea is anterior to the esophagus
What organ is involved in both the digestive and respiratory systems?
Larynx
In a transverse cut of the neck, where would the trachea and esophagus be?
Trachea would be the hole and the esophagus the squished flap behind it
Why? Trachea is made of cartilage while esophagus is made of smooth muscle
Where is the thyroid located?
In front of the trachea, just below the Adam’s apple
Based on the model seen in class, where would the aorta be in a transverse cut?
Posterior to the heart, random whole in front of vertebral column on the left side (slightly)
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
Synarthroses: immovable joints (fibrous)
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable (cartilaginous)
Diarthroses: freely movable joints (synovial)
What are the axis and atlas and what do they look like?
Altas: C1, allows for nodding
Axis: C2, allows for no ing
Differentiate: axis has that knob that allows for rotation along the x axis
How do you differentiate synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
Synovial: must have synovial fluid, look at mobility
Cartilaginous: involve cartilage connection, no cavity, look at mobility
Fibrous: connected by fibrous tissue, fibrous ligaments or connective tissue
What are the points of origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
Origin: sternum and clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process and temporal bone
Where are the prostate located relative to the bladder?
Inferior, surrounds the urethra
Where are the majority of the male and female reproductive organs located with respect to the bladder?
Posterior to bladder
What are the 3 parts of the ears that we are responsible for?
Stapes: smallest bone in body
Malleus: attached to eardrum, the longest/biggest one
Incus: bridge between malleus and stapes
What is the name for the indentation in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland sits?
The sella turcica
What bones articulate to open and close the mouth?
The mandible and temporal bone
What is the relationship between fontanelles and sutures?
Both part of the skulls development, fontanelles are the soft spots made of connective tissue/membranes that will eventually fuse and become sutures
What is the name of the bone and hole through which teh spinal cord passes?
Occipital bone and foramen magnum
WHat is a defining characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?
A spiny/spinous process that is pointed downward
What is a defining characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?
Shorter spiny process, large and round vertebral body
What are the 4 parts of the vertebrae?
Body (dense), spiny process, transverse process, vertebral foramen (hole)
What are some functions of teh hyoid bone?
Support the tongue, support the larynx, assist in swallowing
Attachment to no other bones, just muscles and ligaments
How can you differentiate smooth muscle from dense regular connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue is a little more wavy
Relationsip between the rectus femoris tendon and the quadriceps tendon?
The tendon of the rectus femoris attaches to the girdle at the acetabulum and the anterior inferior iliac spine and the other end attaches to the quadriceps tendon that in turn attaches to the patella
What does the patellar ligament attach?
The patella to the tibia
What are the parts of the knee (ligament wise) we need to know)?
Anterior/posterior cruciate ligament
Lateral/medial collateral ligament
Where are the majority of male and female reproductive organs with respect to the rectum located?
Anterior to the rectum
What reproductive organs produce the testosterone, progesterone and estrogens we need?
Ovaries and testes
What is the name of the bone and the hole where we find the ear canal?
Temporal bone, external acoustic meatus
