2b Muscle And Connective Tissue + Body Membranes

Question 1

What is the general function of muscle tissue? Provide examples.

Answer 1

To produce movement such as:
-voluntary muscle movement
-propulsion of the GI tract (involuntary)
-pumping blood in the heart

Question 2

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 2

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Question 3

What are the physical characteristics of skeletal muscle? Function? Location?

Answer 3

-Long, cylindrical, multinucleate, obvious striations, unbranched, usually long enough to completely fill a slide
-Voluntary muscle movement, manipulation of the environment, facial expression, voluntary control
-In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Question 4

What is the purpose of striations?

Answer 4

They allow muscle shortening/ contraction

Question 5

What are the physical characteristics of cardiac muscle?

Answer 5

-Branched, striations, generally uninucleate, connect/branch out at special junctions called intercalated discs
-Pumps blood into circulation when it contracts, involuntary
-Located in the walls of the heart

Question 6

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

Answer 6

-Spindle shaped with central nuclei (uninucleate), NO striations, arranged very closely to form sheets (kind of looks like stratified squamous epithelium)
-Propels substances like food along an internal passage way, involuntary
-Located mainly in the walls of hollow organs (ex, digestive)

Question 7

How would you differentiate stratified squamous epithelial cells from smooth muscle cells on a microscopic sample?

Answer 7

The smooth muscle sample will lack an apical side/surface

Question 8

What is connective tissue?

Answer 8

It is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue throughout the body

Question 9

What are the main functions of connective tissue?

Answer 9

Binding and support
Protecting
Insulating
Storing reserve fuel
Transporting substances

Question 10

What is connective tissue composed of?

Answer 10

Cells
ECM: extra cellular matrix

Question 11

What is the ECM?

Answer 11

Extracellular matrix
A non-living gel composed of ground substances and protein fibers

Question 12

What are the protein fibres and ground substances that make up the ECM?

Answer 12

Protein fibres: collagen, elastic, reticular
Ground substances: h2o, cell adhesion molecules, proteoglycans

Question 13

What does the ECM do?

Answer 13

It’s the medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
It supports cells so they can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse

Question 14

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

Answer 14

Bone
Cartilage
Dense connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Blood

Question 15

How do the types of connective tissue vary?

Answer 15

In blood supply

Question 16

What are the types/classes of cells of connective tissue?

Answer 16

Blasts: actively mitotic cells, secrete ground substances and fibres characteristic to their matrix, repair and growth
Cytes: less active, in mature mode and maintain the health of the matrix
ECM also has accessory cells that are a part of the matrix

Question 18

What are the accessory cells that also constitue the ECM?

Answer 18

Fat cells
White blood cells
Macrophages

Question 19

What is bone (osseous tissue) composed of?

Answer 19

Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities)
Hard matrix of calcium salts
Large number of collagen fibres

Question 20

What is the function of osseous tissue?

Answer 20

To protect and support the body

Question 21

What sections can the human the human skeleton be divided into? What are their components?

Answer 21

Axial skeleton: skull, ribcage, vertebral column, hyoid bone
Appendicular skeleton: scapula, clavicle, arms, legs, pelvic girdle, hands, feet

Question 22

What is the name for the major type of cartilage cell?

Answer 22

Chondrocyte

Question 23

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 23

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

Question 24

Where is hyaline cartilage found? Composition?

Answer 24

Composition: collagen fibres hidden by a glassy, rubbery matrix
Location: trachea, attaches ribs to breastbone, covers ends of long bones, entire fetal skeleton, epiphyseal plates in long bones

Question 25

What is the most common/most found cartilage?

Answer 25

Hyaline cartilage

Question 26

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage? Composition? Location?

Answer 26

More flexible than hyaline cartilage Has a higher composition of elastic fibres in ECM Locations: epiglottis, external ear

Question 27

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage? Location?

Answer 27

Highly compressible Found in vertebral discs of the spinal column

Question 28

What is dense connective tissue composed of?

Answer 28

Collagen fibres in ECM Fibroblasts (cells that make fibres)

Question 29

Where is dense connective tissue found?

Answer 29

Tendons: attach skeletal muscle to bone Ligaments: attach bone to bone at joints Dermis: lower layers of the skin

Question 30

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

Answer 30

Ligaments connect bone to bone and are more elastic than tendons Tendons connect skeletal muscle to bone

Question 31

What is loose connective tissue?

Answer 31

Softer type of tissue with fewer fibres than other connective tissue (except blood)

Question 32

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 32

Areolar Adipose Reticular

Question 33

What are the characteristics of areolar loose connective tissue? Function?

Answer 33

Most widely distributed connective tissue Soft, pliable tissue like cobwebs Universal packing tissue Glue to hold organs in place Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

Question 34

What type of tissue underlies all membranes?

Answer 34

Areolar tissue called lamina propria (resembles the basal lamina)

Question 35

What is the composition of adipose loose connective tissue? Function? Location?

Answer 35

Composed of adipose cells (fat droplets and nuclei) and sparse areolar ECM Functions: insulates the body, protects organs, fuel storage Location: subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, kidneys, hips, breasts, belly

Question 36

What are the characteristics of reticular loose connective tissue?

Answer 36

Delicate network of interwoven fibres with reticular cells Forms stroma (internal framework) in: lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Question 37

What are the characteristics of blood? Function?

Answer 37

Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix known as blood plasma Fibres are visible only during clotting Transports nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases for the cardiovascular system

Question 38

Are cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue and bone vascular or avascular?

Answer 38

Cartilage: avascular Loose, dense, bone: vascular

Question 39

What are epithelial membranes composed of?

Answer 39

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue (anchors epithelial tissue to underlying tissue)

Question 40

What are the functions of epithelial membranes?

Answer 40

Cover body surfaces: cutaneous membrane (skin) Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface (mucous membrane) Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body (serous membrane)

Question 41

What are the characteristics of the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 41

Outer protective layer of: stratified squamous epithelium called the epidermis Inner layer of: dense connective tissue called the dermis

Question 42

Why do we have a dry skin surface?

Answer 42

The epidermis produces a tough waterproof protein called keratin

Question 43

What does the dermis contain?

Answer 43

Nerve endings, sweat and oil glands

Question 44

What are the characteristics of mucous membranes?

Answer 44

Variety of epithelial tissue types -the epithelia layer contains mucous producing cells, moist membranes Has loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

Question 45

What is the function of mucous membranes?

Answer 45

Mucous provides a physical barrier to microbes Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surfaces Adapted for absorption or secretion

Question 46

Which mucous membranes are composed of stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 46

Mucosa of mouth Esophagus lining

Question 47

Which mucous membranes are composed of pseudo-stratified columnar (ciliated) epithelia?

Answer 47

Mucosa of nasal cavity Trachea Mucosa of lung bronchi

Question 48

Which mucous membrane is composed of simple columnar epithelia?

Answer 48

Stomach to anus

Question 49

What is the composition of the serous membrane?

Answer 49

Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on top Areolar connective tissue below

Question 50

What are the functions of the serous membrane?

Answer 50

Lining ventral body cavities that DO NOT open directly to the outside Cover organs located in these body cavities Occurs in pairs, separated by serous fluid

Question 51

What are the pairs of serous membranes called?

Answer 51

Outer parietal layer -> lines cavity Inner visceral layer -> covers organ Like an inflatable pool wall: plastic= parietal and visceral layers, air= serous fluid

Question 52

What does serous fluid do?

Answer 52

It lubricates the membrane and reduces friction and abrasion when organs and cavity/other organs move against each other

Question 53

What are the specific serous membranes we are responsible for?

Answer 53

Pleura: around the lungs Pericardium: around the heart Peritoneum: abdominal cavity