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Neurology Week 1 2018/19 > 8: Anatomy - Space-occupying lesions > Flashcards

8: Anatomy - Space-occupying lesions Flashcards

1
Q

The cranial vault has a ___ volume.

A

fixed volume

so as volume decreases e.g swelling, bleeding; pressure increases

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2
Q

What is a space occupying lesion?

A

Some sort of abnormal tissue taking up space in the brain

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3
Q

What may increase as a result of a space occupying lesion?

A

Intracranial pressure

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4
Q

What may occur if intracranial pressure gets too high?

A

Herniation

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5
Q

What is the pterion?

A

H shaped suture where frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid borders meet

Thinnest part of the skull

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6
Q

What is notable about the pterion?

A

Thinnest part of the skull

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7
Q

Which blood vessel is found posterior to the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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8
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery immediately deep to?

A

Pterion

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9
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Bacterial / viral inflammation of the meninges

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10
Q

What are the three layers of meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord, from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

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11
Q

In which layer of meninges are the dural venous sinuses found?

A

Dura mater

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12
Q

What spaces are found in the dura mater?

A

Dural venous sinuses

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13
Q

What space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Subarachnoid space

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14
Q

Where in the meninges is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations

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15
Q

Which layer of meninges is the thinnest and adheres to the brain’s sulci and gyri?

A

Pia mater

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16
Q

Which sheets of dura mater are found on top of the

a) pituitary gland
b) cerebellum?

A

a) Diaphragm sellae

b) Tentorium cerebelli

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17
Q

What structures are covered by the

a) diaphragm sellae
b) tentorium cerebelli?

A

a) Sella turcica and pituitary gland

b) Cerebellum

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18
Q

What passes through the hole in the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Brainstem

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19
Q

What type of meninges are the tentorium cerebelli and diaphragm sellae made of?

A

Dura mater

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20
Q

What sheet of dura runs in the midline of the brain, along the plane of the longitudinal fissure, and separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

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21
Q

Which aspect of the ethmoid bone is the falx cerebri attached to?

A

Crista galli

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22
Q

What are the two dural venous sinuses running from the anterior to posterior of the brain?

A

Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses

23
Q

Which dural venous sinuses drains blood into the internal jugular vein?

A

Sigmoid sinuses

24
Q

Which blood vessels drain blood from the brain into the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses?

A

Cerebral veins

25
Q

At which structure do many of the brain’s sinuses meet?

A

Confluence of the sinuses

26
Q

Which bony landmark acts as

a) an attachment for the falx cerebri
b) the site of the confluence of the sinuses?

A

a) Crista galli of ethmoid bone

b) Internal occipital protruberance

27
Q

Why is part of the face known as the danger triangle?

A

Facial vein anastomoses with ophthalmic vein, which drains into the cavernous sinuses

So infection from the face can track back into the meninges and cause meningitis

28
Q

What are the first branches coming off the aorta?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

29
Q

Which artery does the vertebral artery come from?

A

Subclavian artery

30
Q

Which structure, found only in cervical vertebrae, do the vertebral arteries pass through?

A

Transverse foramen

31
Q

How do the vertebral arteries reach the cranial cavity from the aorta?

A

Subclavian artery

Ascend through transverse foraminae of cervical vertebrae

Ascend through foramen magnum

32
Q

Which hole do vertebral arteries use to reach the cranial cavity?

A

Foramen magnum

33
Q

How does the internal carotid artery reach the brain?

A

Carotid canal

34
Q

Which carotid arteries supply the

a) neck, face and scalp

b) brain?

A

a) External carotid artery

b) Internal carotid artery

35
Q

Which anastomosis of arteries supplies much of the brain?

A

Circle of Willis

36
Q

The Circle of Willis is an anastomosis of arteries from which root arteries?

A

Left and right vertebral arteries

Left and right internal carotid arteries

37
Q

Which specific arteries supply the

a) medial
b) lateral
c) posterior

aspects of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

a) Anterior cerebral artery

b) Middle cerebral artery

c) Posterior cerebral artery

38
Q

In which space are the cerebral arteries found?

A

Subarachnoid space

39
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexuses of each ventricle

40
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations

41
Q

At which vertebral levels can a lumbar puncture be carried out?

A

L3/4

L4/5

42
Q

At which level does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

43
Q

The Circle of Willis is found (superior / inferior) to the pituitary gland.

A

inferior

44
Q

What path does CSF take from the lateral ventricles to the dural venous sinuses?

A

1. Produced in choroid plexus

2. Passes from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle

3. Passes from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

4. +/- Spinal cord

5. Reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses by arachnoid granulations

45
Q

How does CSF get from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Foramen of Monro

(on each side)

46
Q

Through which passages does CSF get from

a) lateral to 3rd ventricle
b) 3rd to 4th ventricle
c) 4th ventricle to spinal cord?

A

a) Foramen of Monro

b) Cerebral aqueduct

c) Central canal

47
Q

What clinical condition is caused by an increased volume of CSF in the ventricles?

A

Hydrocephalus

48
Q

Where does blood go in an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Between the bone of the skull and the dura

49
Q

Which artery may be damaged by trauma to the pterion, causing an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Middle meningeal artery

50
Q

Where does blood go in a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Between the dura and the arachnoid

51
Q

Where does blood go in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Into the subarachnoid space

52
Q

What is a haemorrhage affecting the Circle of Willis called?

A

Berry aneurysm

53
Q

What is a Berry aneurysm?

A

Haemorrhage into subarachnoid space caused by damage to Circle of Willis

54
Q

What can happen to brain tissue if ICP increases?

A

Herniation

Neurology Week 1 2018/19 (10 decks)

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