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Immunology > 8-30 IMM Intro > Flashcards

8-30 IMM Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Primary organs/tissues and role

A

Bone Marrow and Thymus

Contain developing lymphocytes

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2
Q

Secondary organs/tissues and role

A

Spleen, Lymph Nodes, MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue)

(Contain more mature cells active in host defense)

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3
Q

Site of B Cell maturation

A

Bone Marrow

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4
Q

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

The development of all blood cells from progenitor stem cells and it occurs in the bone marrow. As a person ages it occurs more in the flat bones (sternum, vertebrae, iliac, and ribs) than the long bones.

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5
Q

Thymus characteristics

A

Bi-lobed organ in upper anterior thorax, each lobe has outer cortex and inner medula. Observable in infants (sail sign) but involutes with age.

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6
Q

Site of T Cell maturation

A

Thymus

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7
Q

Spleen characteristics

A

Upper left quadrant of abdomen, two sections: white pulp and red pulp.

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8
Q

What is in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

Lymphocytes: T Cells near arterioles in the periarteriolar sheath, B Cells are more peripheral

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9
Q

Lymph Node Groups

A

Cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, mediastinal, supratrochlear, mesenteric, inguinal, femoral, popliteal

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10
Q

Site of drainage of cervical nodes

A

scalp, face, nasal cavity, pharynx

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11
Q

Site of drainage of axillary nodes

A

arm, chest wall, breast

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12
Q

Site of drainage of inguinal nodes

A

genitalia, buttocks, anus, abdominal wall, leg

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13
Q

Site of drainage of mediastinal nodes

A

mid-chest, upper abdomen, lungs

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14
Q

Site of drainage of mesenteric nodes

A

small and large intestine, upper rectum

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15
Q

What does MALT stand for and what is it?

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue; aggregates of lymphocytes aggregated throughout the mucosal surfaces of the body

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16
Q

MALT 4 sub categories

A

GALT (Gut-associated), BALT (Bronchial/Trachael-associated), NALT (Nose-associated), VALT (Vulvovaginal-associated)

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17
Q

GALT includes what four anatomical features

A

Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s Patch

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18
Q

Lymph fluid contains what cells

A

White blood cells and plasma; no red blood cells

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19
Q

Main functions of the lymphatic system (3)

A
  • collect/drain excess fluid from surrounding tissue and return to vascular system
  • absorb fat from the vili of the small intestine
  • be a conduit for immune cells to and through nodes and back to circulation
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20
Q

Two lymphatic drainage systems

A

1) Upper right of body -> right lymphatic duct -> right subclavian vein
2) Rest of body -> thoracic duct -> left subclavian vein

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21
Q

Contents of lymph fluid coming in and leaving nodes

A

Coming in: more phagocytic cells and antigens

Leaving: more immune cells and antibodies

22
Q

Lymphedema definition

A

interstitial collection of lymph due to disruption of lymph flow

23
Q

Primary vs Secondary lymphedema

A

Primary: associated with genetic or inherited conditions

Secondary: due to underlying disease or consequence of prior treatment (commonly malignancy or cancer treatment)

24
Q

Filariasis

A
  • secondary lymphedema
  • due to infection of the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti
  • infection is trasmitted via mosquitos, worms reside in lymphatic vessels or nodes in legs or scrotum
25
Q

Filariasis diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: observation of microfilarie on blood smear from blood drawn at night
Treatment: Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) a microfilaricidal that is active against the adult worm

26
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation or infection or the lymph node - commonly due to streptococcus pyogenes

27
Q

Chylothorax

A

accumulation of lymph in the thorax

28
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement (greater than 1 cm) of one or more lymph nodes

localized: 1 body area
generalized: 2 or more body areas

29
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

Lymphadenopathy with pain and/or signs of inflammation

30
Q

Lymphoma

A

Type of cancer of varied cells of the immune system

31
Q

Three levels of defense against infection

A

1) intact skin and mucous membranes
2) innate arm of immune system
3) adaptive arm of immune system (cell-mediated and antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity)

32
Q

Immune cells of innate response

A
  • epithelial barriers
  • phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells)
  • cells that release inflammatory mediators (basophils, mast cells, eosinophils)
  • natural killer cells
33
Q

Immune cells of adaptive response

A

proliferation of antigen specific B and T cells

34
Q

Neutrophil (type and function)

A

Type: WBC granulocyte

Function: engulf bacteria and fungi, oxidative burst

35
Q

Monocyte/Macrophage (type and function)

A

Type: WBC mononuclear (monocytes mature to macrophages in tissues)

Function: engulf bacteria, fungi and cellular debris, produce cytokines, antigen processing

36
Q

Eosinophil (type and function)

A

Type: WBC granulocyte

Function: allergic response and parasitic infection

37
Q

Basophil (type and function)

A

Type: WBC granulocyte

Function: associated with hypersensitivity and release histamine

38
Q

Mast Cell (type and function)

A

Type: Bone marrow derived cell

Function: granules contain vasoactive amines like histamine, proteases kill bacteria

39
Q

Natural Killer (type and function)

A

Type: WBC lymphocyte

Function: recognizes stressed or infected cells and kills them by secreting macrophage-activating cytokine INF-gamma

40
Q

Origin of follicular dendritic cells

A

Mesenchymal derived

41
Q

Time frame when adaptive immunity begins to help

A

~ 12 hours

42
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Proteins produced and secreted by immune and non-immune cells that act as intercellular mediators to alter biological responses

43
Q

Autocrine

A

Acts on the same cell that secretes it

44
Q

Paracrine

A

Acts on adjacent or nearby cells

45
Q

Endocrine

A

Acts on distant cells

46
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Bind to specific cytokine receptors expressed by target cells, typically inducing signal transduction (e.g. JAK-STAT pathway)

47
Q

Cytokines of innate immunity

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-a/IFN-b (Type I IFNs), IFN-g (Type II IFN), TNF-a

48
Q

Cytokines of adaptive immunity

A

In Th-1 cells: IL-2, IL-3, IFN-g

In Th-2 cells: IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-b

49
Q

Cytokines of hematopoiesis

A

IL-3, IL-7, M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF

50
Q

What is a chemokine?

A

Specific type of cytokine (chemotactic cytokine) that causes cells to migrate towards a gradient of the chemokine

Immunology (11 decks)

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