8-29 PAIN

Question 1

Chronic Pain is Pain lasting ___months or longer

Answer 1

Chronic Pain=6 months or longer

Question 2

What are some psychosocial consequences of Chronic Pain [5]

Answer 2

• social isolation and loneliness from DEC in activity
• Marital/family problems
• Helplessness/Anger/Frustration
• Sleeping Difficulty–>irratibility
• Financial Strain from not being able to work

Question 3

What is the Traditional model of pain

Answer 3

pain results from nerve impulses traveling from site of damaged tissue to the brain. Pain felt is proportional to amount of tissue damage.

Question 4

How does the newer Gate Control Theory of Pain DIFFER from traditional model [3]

Answer 4

1. States there is “pain gate” in spinal cord that can be either opened or closed to allow pain signals to reach brain
2. GCT argues correlation between tissue damage & perceived pain is low–>negates traditional model
3. Also says pain signals from spinal cord to brain GOES BOTH WAYS with Brain sending BCK signals to regulate opening/closing of the “pain gate”

Question 5

According to Gate Control Theory what are the 3 sets of factors that can Open or close spinal cord pain gate?

Answer 5

1. PHysical factors
   [tissue damage=open gate vs. pain meds=close gate]
   ———————–
   2.Cognitive factors(focusing on pain makes it worst)
   ———————————-
2. Emotional factors
   [Anger/negativity opens pain gate–Happiness/positivity Closes pain gate :-)]

Question 6

A. What are the 4 Basic principles of Pain Transmission? {TTPM}

B. Give brief description

Answer 6

1. Transduction=noxious stimulus–>action potential nerve impulse sent to brain from Nociceptors.(involves prostaglandins, Bradykinin, Histamine and Substance P)
2. Transmission=
   Nocicep.->spinalCord->BrainStem/Thalamus–>CORTEX
3. Perception=pain becomes conscious experiences primarily from the CORTEX
4. Modulation=endogenous opioids, GABA and serotonin are released to activate descending pathways tht stop effects of pain transmission w/spinal control mechanisms

Question 7

What are some Psychological Options for Treating Pain [3]

Answer 7

• Biofeedback
• Progressive muscular relaxation
• Hypnosis

Question 8

achalasia

Answer 8

disorder with esophageal smooth muscle affecting motility

Question 9

Nociceptors

Answer 9

“PAIN RECEPTORS” that have ability to distinguish between noxious and innocuous stimuli!

Question 10

What’s the difference between NEUROPATHIC PAIN and Nociceptive pain?

Answer 10

NEUROPATHIC PAIN= Pain caused by peripheral nerve or CNS dysfunction (often occurs w/out tissue damage)
vs.
nociceptive=pain from actual physical abnormalities

Question 11

What are the 2 GOALS of treatment for 
Chronic Pain (pain lasting \_\_months or longer)

Answer 11

Chronic Pain= 6months or longer!
Goals include:
*Reduce Severity
*Improve overall function

Question 12

Describe the dual system of the nociceptive pathway

Answer 12

Pain arrives to the CNS separately in 2 parts
1st Pain: discriminative component of pain
2nd Pain:affective-motivational component of pain

Question 13

At every level of the nervous system there exist a CLOSE relationship between ____pain pathways and _____pathways—–> _____?

Answer 13

there’s a CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOMATIC pain pathways and VISCERAL pain pathways–>visceral transmission and somatic responses to visceral pain