8

Question 1

High osmolarity causes:

Answer 1

Thirst  increased water intake

ADH release  water reabsorbed from urine

Question 2

Low osmolarity causes:

Answer 2

Lack of thirst  decreased water intake

Decreased ADH release  water lost in urine

Question 3

Capillary pressure - pushes

Answer 3

water out of cap, perssure goes up water gos out

Question 4

Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure pulls

Answer 4

water back into capillaries

Question 5

interstitial fluid pressure -

Answer 5

stops movement of fluid from capillary

Question 6

tissue colloidal pressure pulls

Answer 6

water from capillary into tissue spaces

Question 7

Hydrostatic pressure can be thought of as………. and osmotic pressure can be thought of as ……pressure.

Answer 7

.. “pushing pressure,”.., ….“pulling”

Question 8

Edema-

Answer 8

is fluid in the interstitial space

Question 9

Pedal edema-

Answer 9

sweeling of the feet

Question 10

dec capillary colloidal osmotic pressure –

Answer 10

loss of proteins - albumin is the smallest, decreased proteins control *decreased permeability *

Question 11

inc capillary permeability -

Answer 11

increase pores

Question 12

• lymphedema

Answer 12

obstruction of lymph flow

Question 13

Sodium (Na+) - controls

Answer 13

ECF(Extracellular) osmolality

most abundant cation - enters in GI - leaves by kidney

Question 14

Why would “retaining sodium” cause high blood pressure?

Answer 14

Sodium bonds to water

When you have sodium and water being retain when it goes in the veins.

Question 15

Hypodipsia –

Answer 15

drink less elderly

Question 16

Polydipsia-
True
False
Psychogentic

Answer 16

True, symptomatic- hypothalamus tell you to drink cuz your need water you truly need it.

False, secondary(causes by something else), inappropriate(false), heart is holding water, fluid is not going out to the body hypothalmas thinks you need water.
Kidney-filters , kidney flails , ie excrete all fluids

Psychogenic, compulsive- psychological, SZ Sx drink a lot

Question 17

First response of a fluid hormone is to

Answer 17

retain fuild!

Question 18

ADH – anti diuretic hormone –

Answer 18

Vasopressin, we should be 70% water! (will also retain Sodium) retains sodium(Na) kick potassium(k). Happens when pain trauma stress
Vasopressin- contracts vessels

Question 19

Increase ADH - caused by

Answer 19

pain, trauma, nausea, surgery, narcotics, nicotine

Question 20

alcohol lowers

Answer 20

ADH- thus why we pee more when we drink

Question 21

diabetes insipidus-(has nothing to glusoce) –

Answer 21

frequent peeing unable to concentrate urine - does not respond to ADH usually deficiently

Question 22

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) -

Answer 22

failure of negative feedback system, pee too much

Question 23

Aldosterone supports…. secretion and suports … retention

Answer 23

Supports K+ secretion

supports Na+ and H2 retention

Question 24

stress, trauma inc cortisol which increases aldosterone so increase transfer of

Answer 24

IntraCellFluid K+ to ECF –results in hypokalemia (excreted)

Question 25

Addison’s)

Answer 25

deficiency in aldosterone effect – (Addison’s) prevents K+ excretion treat with glucose to move K+ back to ICF

Question 26

hypovolemia

Answer 26

dec in ECF

Question 27

inc in ECF

Answer 27

retention (na and h20 resorbed) | Renal failure, heart failure

Question 28

Hyponatremia - < 135 mEq/l – Chart 31-6

Answer 28

if inc h2o, then dec Na+ | Muscle cramps, weakness

Question 29

hypernatremia - > 145 mEq/l – Chart 31-7

Answer 29

if inc sodium in serum, then cell dehydration results

Question 30

Second most abundant cation - major in ICF

Answer 30

K+(Potassium)

Question 31

hypokalemia -

Answer 31

cardiac sx, but not serious Ch 31-8 not usally ACUTE | Slowing down heart rate, less O more tired.

Question 32

hyperkalemia -

Answer 32

if cardiac sx, potentially fatal stops performing – Chart 31-9. too much K HR to much heart contractility. Will have Heart firing in other spots. Cardiac arrhythmia abnormal heart beat.

Question 33

Hyperkalemia raises

Answer 33

resting potential toward threshold Cells fire more easily When resting potential reaches threshold, Na+ gates open and won’t close

Question 34

Calcium

Answer 34

absorbed from GI (intestine) - stored in bone - excreted by kidney

Question 35

Calcium, controls (stable)

Answer 35

neural messages

Question 36

Hypocalcemia

Answer 36

to much firing

Question 37

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 37

``` (Helps with Calcium nerve controlling) - symptoms only if severe malnutrition, malabsorption, laxative abuse usually hypo Ca, hypo K diuretics sx inc neuro excitability ```

Question 38

hypermagnesemia -

Answer 38

rare renal failure, elderly hyporeflexia, dullness

Question 39

``` Acid (H+) Blocks Controls Byproducts of “Food” ```

Answer 39

Blocks Na+ gates Controls respiratory rate Individual acids have different functions: Byproducts of energy metabolism (carbonic acid, lactic acid) Digestion (hydrochloric acid) “Food” for brain (ketoacids)

Question 40

Acidosis - | alkalosis -

Answer 40

DEC in pH | increase pH

Question 41

metabolic - alt bicarb (base) in ECF dec pH, dec bicarb = inc pH, inc bicarb =

Answer 41

=acidosis | =alkalosis

Question 42

respiratory - alt CO2 (acid) dec pH, inc CO2 = inc pH, dec CO2 =

Answer 42

=acidosis | =alkalosis

Question 43

Metabolic acidosis | Increased levels of

Answer 43

ketoacids, lactic acid, etc. | Decreased bicarbonate levels

Question 44

Metabolic alkalosis | Decreased

Answer 44

H+ levels Increased bicarbonate level

Question 45

Co2is toxin in

Answer 45

is toxic to brain

Question 46

Dec pH, dec bicarb | inc respiratory rate to release CO2

Answer 46

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 47

lactic acidosis

Answer 47

-inadequate oxygen,ketoacidosis unavailable carbs so fatty acids mobilized - become ketones if excess

Question 48

lactic acidosis

Answer 48

-inadequate oxygen

Question 49

,ketoacidosis

Answer 49

unavailable carbs so fatty acids mobilized - become ketones if excess

Question 50

CO2 + H2O   H2CO3   H+ + HCO3-

Answer 50

get money

Question 51

work with and explain action potential thresholds and if you have less NA orK+

Answer 51

get money

Question 52

``` Dec pCO2, dec H2CO3, Inc pH hyperventilation lightheaded, dizzy paresthesias short periods of apnea treat with rebreather ```

Answer 52

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 53

Byproducts of energy metabolism Digestion “Food” for brain

Answer 53

Byproducts of energy metabolism (carbonic acid, lactic acid) Digestion (hydrochloric acid) “Food” for brain (ketoacids)

Question 54

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 54

``` Inc pCO2, H2CO3, dec pH acute - narcotic overdose, lung injury chronic - emphysema HA, blurred vision, inc HR and BP - flushed - irritable, muscle twitching ventilation ```

Question 55

``` Dec pCO2, dec H2CO3, Inc pH hyperventilation lightheaded, dizzy paresthesias short periods of apnea treat with rebreather ```

Answer 55

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 56

Byproducts of energy metabolism Digestion “Food” for brain

Answer 56

Byproducts of energy metabolism (carbonic acid, lactic acid) Digestion (hydrochloric acid) “Food” for brain (ketoacids)

Question 57

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 57

``` Inc pCO2, H2CO3, dec pH acute - narcotic overdose, lung injury chronic - emphysema HA, blurred vision, inc HR and BP - flushed - irritable, muscle twitching ventilation ```