7 Flashcards
3 types of cells
Permanent* - cannot reproduce, neuron brain
labile - continually reproduces
stable - can reproduce if needed, skin bone cells
Cell differentiation
Stem cells - differentiate as needed
As increases specificity, cannot alter
bone marrow contains main source of stem cells
The more differentiated, less likely to be malignant – if tumor, more apt to be benign
More specific they come more different
Uidderentiation- not taking path its supposed to
Cancer come from
Cancer come from damage cells , cant remember the orginal cell type cant edit or repair
Neoplasia -
unregulated growth and division
Tumor
– swelling doesn’t mean cancer
Neoplasm –
mass – new growth
Benign
malignant
metestatic
Benign
Malignant – Carcinoma - Cancer
Metastatic- spread
neoplasm –
new unregulated growth - mass – oma - Adenoma – glandular origin
Fibroma –
Osteo –
benign -
polyp -
Fibroma – fibrous tissue- ex breast tomurs Osteo – bone origin benign - well encapsulated – polyp - protruding mass Cysts, lipomas
Benign neoplasms
Slow, progressive Develops fibrous capsule usually reaches endpoint well differentiated Can only get so big can spread
well differentiated- all look similar
Malignant neoplasm
lack of differentiation- can be fatal none look alike Rapid growth spreads fatal two categories Solid- sleep liver lung bone hematologic – disseminating- spreads easier leukemia
Invasion and metastasis, Secretions of ……. that break down……… and swell the …
secretion of enzymes by the cancer cells that breaks down the matrix of regular cells
Sentinel node-closest lymph node will swell
tumor growth
number of cells
duration of the cell cycle
number of cells lost compared to the number of new cells
Oncogenesis- beginning of cancer
Interactions with multiple risk factors
chronic exposure to one risk factor
Oncogenes-are mutated
are mutated proto-oncogenes
They still code for the proteins needed for cell division
But they might produce
Too much of the protein
An abnormal protein
Protein that turns on all by itself
Protein that is made when it is not needed
Protein that cannot turn cell division off
Protein that should be made by a different cell
-OncogenesDNA repair gene may be
dysfunctional p53 gene – cell growth regulator If mutated, then no regulation Chromosome transloction HER-2 – tumor cell
Molecular pathwaysTumor cell transformation
Initiation
promotion
progression
Heredity
10% of one first degree relatives
15% with two
30% with three
Chemical carcinogens
carcinogens lifestyle risk factors smoking alcohol dietary
Clinical manifestations
ABCDs
Cachectin – Cachexia- stimulate muscle wasting- so body need less O
TNF-tumor necrosis factor -promotes fever, inflammation
Anemia- low RBC cont
paraneoplastic syndromes - hormones
Staging of cancer
I, II, III, IV
Clinical spread
TumorNodeMetastasis
Grading - cellular characteristics
I, II, III, IV
I,- least bad cancer
II,
III,
IV- worst cancer to have
Cancer treatment
Radiation- shrinks Surgical- Targeted Systemic-kill cells, also kills good cells chemo hormonal /antihormonal Biotherapy
Childhood cancers
Prolonged fever, unexplained weight loss, growing masses
