8

Question 1

Fertility Rate

Answer 1

The number of births per 1000 women of child bearing age per year.

Question 2

CBR

Answer 2

Births per 1000 people per year.

Question 3

CDR

Answer 3

Deaths per 1000 individuals per year.

Question 4

NIR

Answer 4

(CBR-CDR)/10

Question 5

DT

Answer 5

70/NIR

Question 6

TFR

Answer 6

Average number of births per woman of child bearing age.

Question 7

MEDC Populations

Answer 7

Industrialised with high GDPs
Rich population
Individuals are unlikely to starve through poverty
High level of resource uses per capita
Low population growth rates (low CBR and rising CDR)
High carbon and ecological footprints

Japan/Australia/Canada

Question 8

LEDC populations

Answer 8

Less industrialised or none
May have natural capital but is exported and processed by MEDCs
Lower GDP and high poverty rates
High population growth rates (rapidly falling CDRs)
Lower carbon and ecological footprints

Lao/Cambodia/Chad

Question 9

Malthusian Theory

Answer 9

Food supply is the limit of human population growth. The ‘laws of nature’ dictate that a population can never increase beyonds the food supplies necessary to support it.

Simplistic - poor people only ones who starve, world shares food supplies.
Globalisation was not taken into account.
Evidence over the last two centuries contradicts this as farming efficiency increases so does populations.

Question 10

Boserups’ Theory

Answer 10

1965. ‘Necessity is the mother of invention.’ As food demand increases, the incentive to change agrarian technology increases, allowing supply to increase.

Based on the assumption of a closed community - globalisation and migration not taken into account.
Overpopulation can lead to unsustainable farming.

Question 11

Applications of Malthusian and Boserup’s Theory

Question 12

Why do People Have Large Families

Answer 12

High infant and childhood mortality rates. Security in old age. Children are an economic asset in agricultural societies. Status of women, freedom. Availability of contraceptives.

Question 13

Ways to Reduce Family Size

Answer 13

Provide education. Improve health. Increase availability of contraceptives. Enhance income. Improve resource management.

Question 14

Stage 1 DTM

Answer 14

High birth rate, infant mortality rate and death rate. High stationary. Doesn’t exist anymore. Hunter-gatherer population/pre-industrialised societies.

Question 15

Stage 2 DTM

Answer 15

Death rate drops. Lifespan increases. Birth rate high. Child mortality rate falls. Early Expanding. CHAD. LEDCs

Question 16

Stage 3 DTM

Answer 16

Birth Rate fall. Population levels off. Late Expanding. Mexico. Wealthier LEDCs

Question 17

Stage 4 DTM

Answer 17

Low birth rates and death rates. Industrialised countries. Stable population sizes. Low Stationary. Australia. MEDCs

Question 18

Stage 5 DTM

Answer 18

Population decline as fertility rate is low. Problems of an ageing workforce. Declining. Japan. MEDCs

Question 19

Limitations of the DTM

Answer 19

Fifth stage was a model, now it isn’t - Germany and Japan
Timescale is not the same in all countries.
Eurocentric model.
Migration.
Not all regions are represented.

Question 20

Renewable Natural Capital

Answer 20

Natural resources that can be generated and/or replaced as fast as it is being used.

Question 21

Non-Renewable Natural Capital

Answer 21

Irreplaceable, or replaced over geological timescales, FF, Soils, Minerals.

Question 22

Use Valuation of Natural Capital

Answer 22

Natural capital a price can be placed on. Economic price of goods. Ecological functions (water storage). Recreational functions (tourism).

Question 23

Non-Use Valuation of Natural Capital

Answer 23

Natural capital that is almost impossible to put a price on. If it has intrinsic value, future uses we do know yet, value for future generations.

Question 24

SDW

Answer 24

Solid Domestic Waste. Rubbish from residential and urban areas.

Question 25

Waste

Answer 25

A material which has no value to its producer.

Question 26

Circular Economy

Answer 26

Sustainable, aims to:
restorative of env.
use renewable energy.
eliminate or reduce toxic wastes.
eradicate waste through careful design.

Retain waste.

Question 27

Linear Economy

Answer 27

Take - make - dump

Question 28

Minimising SDW

Answer 28

Reduce-use fewer resources
Reuse-use products for purposes other than their original intentions
Recycle-collecting, separating, processing, reuse

Question 29

Waste Disposal - Landfill

Answer 29

Pros:
Cheap
Hazardous waste can be buried there
Far away from high populated areas

Cons:
difficult to find suitable sites
methane produced

Question 30

Waste Disposal - Incinerators

Answer 30

Pros:
Little space
Ash used for roads

Cons:
Air pollution
expensive

Question 31

Selecting SDW Management Strategies

Answer 31

EVS - economic focus, environmental focus.

Question 32

Measuring Human Carrying Capacity

Answer 32

Difficulties - greater range of resource use, substitute resources if necessary, resource use varies, imports, developing technology changes resource use.

Question 33

Changing Human Carrying Capacity - Ecocentrists

Answer 33

Reduce use of non-renewable resources, minimise use of renewable. Become self-sufficient

Question 34

Changing Human Carrying Capacity - Technocentrists

Answer 34

C.C. can expand continuously through technological development. Increase efficiency of resource use.

Question 35

Policies to Reduce Population Growth

Answer 35

Pension schemes.
Increased taxes.
Stimulate economic growth.
Increase urbanisation.
Increase education of women.

Question 36

Policies to Increase Population Growth

Answer 36

Agricultural developments, improved sanitation and public health - lower death rates.
Lowering taxes, incentives, free education and health care.
Encouraging immigration, particularly of workers.