8 Flashcards
Fertility Rate
The number of births per 1000 women of child bearing age per year.
CBR
Births per 1000 people per year.
CDR
Deaths per 1000 individuals per year.
NIR
(CBR-CDR)/10
DT
70/NIR
TFR
Average number of births per woman of child bearing age.
MEDC Populations
Industrialised with high GDPs
Rich population
Individuals are unlikely to starve through poverty
High level of resource uses per capita
Low population growth rates (low CBR and rising CDR)
High carbon and ecological footprints
Japan/Australia/Canada
LEDC populations
Less industrialised or none
May have natural capital but is exported and processed by MEDCs
Lower GDP and high poverty rates
High population growth rates (rapidly falling CDRs)
Lower carbon and ecological footprints
Lao/Cambodia/Chad
Malthusian Theory
Food supply is the limit of human population growth. The ‘laws of nature’ dictate that a population can never increase beyonds the food supplies necessary to support it.
Simplistic - poor people only ones who starve, world shares food supplies.
Globalisation was not taken into account.
Evidence over the last two centuries contradicts this as farming efficiency increases so does populations.
Boserups’ Theory
- ‘Necessity is the mother of invention.’ As food demand increases, the incentive to change agrarian technology increases, allowing supply to increase.
Based on the assumption of a closed community - globalisation and migration not taken into account.
Overpopulation can lead to unsustainable farming.
Applications of Malthusian and Boserup’s Theory
Why do People Have Large Families
High infant and childhood mortality rates. Security in old age. Children are an economic asset in agricultural societies. Status of women, freedom. Availability of contraceptives.
Ways to Reduce Family Size
Provide education. Improve health. Increase availability of contraceptives. Enhance income. Improve resource management.
Stage 1 DTM
High birth rate, infant mortality rate and death rate. High stationary. Doesn’t exist anymore. Hunter-gatherer population/pre-industrialised societies.
Stage 2 DTM
Death rate drops. Lifespan increases. Birth rate high. Child mortality rate falls. Early Expanding. CHAD. LEDCs
Stage 3 DTM
Birth Rate fall. Population levels off. Late Expanding. Mexico. Wealthier LEDCs
Stage 4 DTM
Low birth rates and death rates. Industrialised countries. Stable population sizes. Low Stationary. Australia. MEDCs
Stage 5 DTM
Population decline as fertility rate is low. Problems of an ageing workforce. Declining. Japan. MEDCs
Limitations of the DTM
Fifth stage was a model, now it isn’t - Germany and Japan
Timescale is not the same in all countries.
Eurocentric model.
Migration.
Not all regions are represented.
Renewable Natural Capital
Natural resources that can be generated and/or replaced as fast as it is being used.
Non-Renewable Natural Capital
Irreplaceable, or replaced over geological timescales, FF, Soils, Minerals.
Use Valuation of Natural Capital
Natural capital a price can be placed on. Economic price of goods. Ecological functions (water storage). Recreational functions (tourism).
Non-Use Valuation of Natural Capital
Natural capital that is almost impossible to put a price on. If it has intrinsic value, future uses we do know yet, value for future generations.
SDW
Solid Domestic Waste. Rubbish from residential and urban areas.
Waste
A material which has no value to its producer.
Circular Economy
Sustainable, aims to:
restorative of env.
use renewable energy.
eliminate or reduce toxic wastes.
eradicate waste through careful design.
Retain waste.
Linear Economy
Take - make - dump
Minimising SDW
Reduce-use fewer resources
Reuse-use products for purposes other than their original intentions
Recycle-collecting, separating, processing, reuse
Waste Disposal - Landfill
Pros:
Cheap
Hazardous waste can be buried there
Far away from high populated areas
Cons:
difficult to find suitable sites
methane produced
Waste Disposal - Incinerators
Pros:
Little space
Ash used for roads
Cons:
Air pollution
expensive
Selecting SDW Management Strategies
EVS - economic focus, environmental focus.
Measuring Human Carrying Capacity
Difficulties - greater range of resource use, substitute resources if necessary, resource use varies, imports, developing technology changes resource use.
Changing Human Carrying Capacity - Ecocentrists
Reduce use of non-renewable resources, minimise use of renewable. Become self-sufficient
Changing Human Carrying Capacity - Technocentrists
C.C. can expand continuously through technological development. Increase efficiency of resource use.
Policies to Reduce Population Growth
Pension schemes.
Increased taxes.
Stimulate economic growth.
Increase urbanisation.
Increase education of women.
Policies to Increase Population Growth
Agricultural developments, improved sanitation and public health - lower death rates.
Lowering taxes, incentives, free education and health care.
Encouraging immigration, particularly of workers.
