4

Question 1

Stores in the Hydrological Cycle

Answer 1

Soil, Organisms, Groundwater (aquifers), Lakes, Rivers, Atmosphere, Glaciers, Ice Caps.

Question 2

Transfers in the Hydrological Cycle

Answer 2

Flooding, Surface Runoff, Infiltration, Percolation, Stream-flow, Currents, Advection.

Question 3

Transformations in the Hydrological Cycle

Answer 3

Sublimation, Evaporation, Precipitation, Evapotranspiration, Condensation, Melting/Freezing.

Question 4

Distribution of Earth’s Water

Answer 4

97% Saltwater. 3% Freshwater.

Question 5

Ocean Circulatory Systems

Answer 5

Due to differences in water density. Warm water holds less salt so rises, and is less dense. Cold water holds more salt so sinks, and is more dense. As warm water rises it is replaced by cold water, as cold water rises, it is replaced by warm water.

Question 6

Human Impact on the Hydrological Cycle

Answer 6

Withdrawals for domestic use.
Discharges, adding pollutants.
Changing the speed of which water flows and where it flows, dams etc.
Diverting rivers or sections of rivers.
Impermeable surface reduces infiltration and increases surface-run-off, urbanisation.

Question 7

Ocean Currents and Climates

Answer 7

Water has higher specific heat capacity than land so cools down and warms up more slowly. Coastal locations have more mild climates.

Warm currents allow more northen places to be warmer, NW Europe with warm gulf stream.
Cold currents allow hotter places to be more mild, Benguela current moderates climate of Namibian desert

Question 8

Cold Currents

Answer 8

Poles to Equator
Humboldt - off the coast of Peru
Benguela - off the oust of Namibia, Southern Africa.

Question 9

Warm Currents

Answer 9

Equator to Poles
Gulf Stream - Northern Atlantic Ocean
Angola - off the coast of Angola.

Question 10

Water Stress

Answer 10

The demand for water exceed the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.

Question 11

Water Scarcity

Answer 11

The lack or deficiency of safe water supplies.

Question 12

Irrigation

Answer 12

Water used to water crops.

Question 13

Ways to Enhance Water Supplies

Answer 13

Reservoirs
Redistribution
Desalination Plants
Artificial recharge of aquifers
Rain water harvesting.

Question 14

Sharing Water Supplies and Conflict

Question 15

Phytoplankton

Question 16

Highest Rates of Productivity

Answer 16

Near coastlines/shallow seas where upwellings and nutrient enrichment of surface waters occurs.

Question 17

Fisheries

Question 18

Capture Fisheries

Question 19

Aquaculture

Question 20

Unsustainable Fishing

Question 21

Maximum Sustainable Yield

Answer 21

The largest crop or catch that can be taken from the stock of a species without depleting the stock. Taken away is the increase in production of the stock while leaving the stock to reproduce again. MSY is equivalent to NPP or NSP.

Question 22

Examples of Water Pollution

Question 23

Water Pollution

Question 24

Eutrophication

Question 25

Impacts of Eutrophication

Question 26

Indices of Water Pollution

Question 27

Surface Currents

Answer 27

0-400m depth, moved by wind. Earths rotation increases their circular movement.

Question 28

Deep Water Currents

Answer 28

Thermohaline currents, 90% of ocean currents, cause oceanic conveyer belt.