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Question 1

EVS

Answer 1

A worldview or paradigm that shapes the way an individual, or group of people, perceives and evaluates environmental issues, influenced by cultural, religious, economic, social-political factors.

Question 2

Ecocentric

Answer 2

Puts nature and ecology at the heart of humanity. It Prioritises biorights and encourages self restraint. Intrinsic value in all of nature

Question 3

Soft Ecologists

Answer 3

Self sufficiency in resource management, but not as extreme as deep ecologists.

Question 4

Deep Ecologists

Answer 4

Extreme form of ecocentrism. Values Earth and the environment above all else, favours self-restraint and individual action, deep mistrust of technology.

Question 5

Anthropocentric

Answer 5

Humans must manage the global ecosystem, through taxes, regulation and legislations.

Question 6

Technocentric

Answer 6

Technological developments will ‘solve’ environmental problems.

Question 7

Environmental Manager

Answer 7

Earth is a garden that needs tending. Change within social and political structures.

Question 8

Cornucopian

Answer 8

Earth’s bounty shows no bounds. Earth resources, with technology, are limitless

Question 9

Biocentric

Answer 9

Individuals or groups who adhere to a philosophical perspective that intrinsic value on all living beings and ecosystems. Different from ecocentric as it focuses on the biotic aspects of an environment.

Question 10

Flows

Answer 10

Represented by arrows in a system diagram. Movement of energy or matter.

Question 11

Transfer

Answer 11

Matter or energy changing location

Question 12

Trasnformation

Answer 12

Matter or energy changing state, chemical nature (state or energy).

Question 13

Storages

Answer 13

Represented by boxes in a system diagram. Stores of energy or matter.

Question 14

Reductionist Approach

Answer 14

The studying of one component of a system or model.

Question 15

Open System

Answer 15

Both energy and matter are exchanged with its surroundings.

Question 16

Isolated System

Answer 16

Neither energy nor matter are exchanged with its surroundings.

Question 17

Closed System

Answer 17

Only Energy is exchanged with its surroundings.

Question 18

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 18

The principle of conservation of energy, energy in an isolated system can be transformed but cannot be created or destroyed - there is limited energy in any system.

Question 19

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 19

The entropy of a system increases over time. Entropy is a measure of the amount of disorder in a system. An increase in entropy arising from energy transformations reduces the energy available to do work - less energy is available the higher up the food chain/the higher the trophic level.

Question 20

Steady State

Answer 20

Oscillates around a mean.

Question 21

Stable State

Answer 21

remains at a mean with some deviations.

Question 22

Negative Feedback

Answer 22

Stabilising. When the output of a process inhibits or reverses the operation of the same process in such a way as to reduce change, counteracting deviation.

Question 23

Positive Feedback

Answer 23

Destabilising. Tends to amplify change and can drive the system towards a tipping point where a new equilibrium is adopted.

Question 24

Tipping Point

Answer 24

The minimum amount of change within a system that will destabilise it, cause it to reach a new equilibrium.

Question 25

Sustainability

Answer 25

The use an management of resources that allow full natural replacement of the resources exploited and full recovery of the ecosystems affected by their extraction and use.

Question 26

Natural Capital

Answer 26

The natural resources, goods or services, that an ecosystem can provide sustainably.

Question 27

Natural Income

Answer 27

The yield of resources, goods or services, obtained from natural resources.

Question 28

Ecological Footprint

Answer 28

The area of land and water required to sustainably provide all resources at the rate at which they are being consumed by a given population (pollution mitigation, food (crops and animals), water (fishing grounds), timber, built-up land).

Question 29

Evaluation of EF as a model

Answer 29

Pros: Good model/Effective Cons: Difficult to measure Inaccuracies are created due to globalisation between resource use and production.

Question 30

Pollution

Answer 30

The addition of a substance/agent to an environment at a rate greater than which it can be rendered harmless by the environment.

Question 31

Primary Pollutants

Answer 31

Active on emmission. CO causing headaches, fatigue and can kill.

Question 32

Secondary Pollutants

Answer 32

Formed when primary pollutants undergo physical or chemical changes. Sulphuric acid forms when sulphur trioxide reacts with water.

Question 33

Sources of Pollution

Answer 33

FF, Waste - domestic, industrial, agricultural.

Question 34

Point Source

Answer 34

The release of pollutants from a single, clearly identifiable site. CO2 emissions from a factory.

Question 35

Non-Point Source

Answer 35

The release of pollutants from multiple, dispersed sites. Agricultural run-off (nitrates and phosphates).

Question 36

Persistent Organic Pollutants

Answer 36

Organic pollutants, commonly pesticides, which remain active in the environment for an extended period of time. They can bioaccumulate.

Question 37

Biodegradable Pollutants

Answer 37

Break down quickly.

Question 38

Acute Pollutants

Answer 38

Large amounts of pollutants are released in a small amount of time.

Question 39

Chronic Pollutants

Answer 39

Long-term release of pollutants in small amounts. Can be: undetected for a long time, more difficult to clean up, wide spread.

Question 40

Direct Measures to Detect Pollutants

Answer 40

Record the amount of pollutant present. Acidity of rainwater, amount of gas in the atmosphere, amount of nitrates or phosphates present.

Question 41

Indirect Measures to Detect Pollutants

Answer 41

Record changes in abiotic or biotic factors, cause by pollutants. Oxygen content in water, population size of an indicator species.

Question 42

PMM

Answer 42

1. Human activity producing pollutant 2. Release of pollutant into the environment 3. Impact of pollution on ecosystems.

Question 43

Al Gore

Answer 43

Former VP of the US. Produced 2006 documentary, 'The inconvenient Truth', which bought climate change into the public consciousness.

Question 44

Norman Borlaug

Answer 44

Nobel Peace Prize Winner, 1970. Green Revolution. Developed higher-yielding corn and other grain varieties, wheat, to foster independence and survivorship in the developing world. Worked.

Question 45

Jane Goodall

Answer 45

Chimpanzee biologist. Helped pioneer modern species conservation techniques, including involvement of local people and knowledge.

Question 46

Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 46

US President. Expanded American National parks Service and protected lands in the US for the enjoyment of others.

Question 47

Charles Darwin

Answer 47

Origin of Species. His views challenged the concept of God having created 'man' and instead reduced 'man' to a part of the environment.

Question 48

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 48

American writer (and ecocentrist), who first explored the idea of environmental consciousness in the mid 19th century.

Question 49

David Attenborough

Answer 49

British broadcaster, writer and naturalist. Since the 1950s he has been bringing nature into people's living rooms.

Question 50

Greta Thunberg

Answer 50

Teenager, Swedish, climate activist.

Question 51

Biorights

Answer 51

The right held by species and landscapes to remain un-impacted by consumptive human activity.

Question 52

Intrinsic value

Answer 52

The value of something independent of and regardless of its potential use to humans.

Question 53

Resiliance

Answer 53

The tendency of a system to avoid tipping points. Diversity and the size of storages contribute towards resilience and their response time to change.

Question 54

Holistic Approach

Answer 54

Considering an environmental phenomenon as a whole, recognising the interconnections and relatedness of its individual parts.

Question 55

Strengths of Models

Answer 55

Easier to work with as simple Predict the effect of a change of input Applied to similar situations Helps us see patterns Visualise small and large things (atoms and solar systems)

Question 56

Weakness of Models

Answer 56

Accuracy is lost due to simplification If assumptions are wrong, model is wrong Predictions may be inaccurate

Question 57

Efficiency

Answer 57

The useful energy/work/output divided by the amount of energy consumed/inputed to the process. (x100 for percentage)

Question 58

Stable Equilibria

Answer 58

The system tends to return to the same equilibrium after a disturbance.

Question 59

Unstable Equilibria

Answer 59

The system returns to a new equilibrium after a disturbance.

Question 60

Feedback Loop

Answer 60

When information that starts a reaction in turn may input more information which may start another reaction.