8-1 PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards
What chapter in the MANMED, NAVMED P-117 covers pharmacy?
chapter 21
What type of prescriptions are no longer authorized as per chapter 21 of the MANMED P-117
faxed prescriptions
Controlled substances shall be written only on the? Never on a?
- DD 1289
- poly-prescription
Prescriptions must be written in ink, indelible pencil, type written, and must show?
- pt’s full name/ ssn
- date written
- pt’s age/ DOB
- directions for the pt
- legible signature
- refill authorization
What items, related to the drug information, must be documented on the prescription?
- full name of drug
- form of drug
- dosage size/strength
- quantity
What are the general principles of pharmacology?
- factors that affect the actions of drugs
- factors that affect drug reactions
- various types of drug interactions
- factors influencing drug response interactions
What is defined as:
activities of the drug after it enters the body?
pharmacokinetic
What is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion?
Pharmacokinetics
A fundamental concept in pharmacokinetics is?
drug clearance
What is elimination of drugs from the body?
drug clearance
What is defined as:
the transfer of the drug from the body fluids to tissues.
absorption
Carrier molecule, such as protein or enzyme, actively moves the drug across the membrane
active absorption
Diffuse across a membrane from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (water soluble drugs)
passive absorption
Cells engulf the drug particle across the cell membrane
pinocytosis
What is the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation?
bioavailability
Bioavailability only occurs after the medication has been absorbed and metabolized by the?
liver
Oral drugs that have a first pass hepatic metabolism may only have a bioavailability of?
I.V medications?
- 20 to 40%
- 100%
What are factors that alter bioavailability?
- drug form
- route
- liver metabolism
- GI mucosa and motility
- Food/drugs
- solubility
Which drug absorbs faster, fat soluble or water soluble?
fat soluble
Movement of drugs throughout the body typically on proteins
distribution
Drug levels in blood to produce desired effect?
therapeutic effect
Chemical reaction by which liver converts drugs to inactive compound
metabolism
Metabolism occurs in the?
- liver
- kidneys
- lungs
- plasma
- intestinal mucosa
Elimination of drugs from the body?
excretion
Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug?
half-life
What can increase the half-life of drugs, increasing the toxicity?
- liver disease
- kidney disease
- old age
Drug’s actions and effects within the body
pharmacodynamic
A compulsive need to use a substance repeatedly to avoid mild to severe withdrawal symptoms
physical dependence
A compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience
physiological dependence
A genetically determined abnormal response to normal dose of a drug
pharmacogenetic disorder
A specialized macromolecule that binds to the drug molecule, altering the function of the cell and producing the therapeutic response.
receptor
A drug that alters cellular function can increase or decrease the physiological functions of the cell.
alteration in cellular environment
What are the two types of alterations in cellular environment?
- Therapeutic response
- agonist
Alteration of cell to achieve the desired response
therapeutic response
Drug that binds with a receptor to produce the therapeutic response
agonist
Drug that binds to receptor stronger than the agonist thus producing no pharmacological effect
antagonist
What is an undesirable drug effects
adverse reaction
A drug reaction that occurs because the individual’s immune system views the drug as a foreign substance
allergic reaction
Any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug that a patient can have, that do not occur in the vast majority of patients taking the same drug
drug idiosyncrasy
A decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect
drug tolerance
A drug effect that occurs when the body has not fully metabolized a dose of a drug before the next dose is given
cumulative drug effect
A harmful drug effect if it is delivered in high dose or when blood concentration levels exceed therapeutic level
toxic
Inherited traits that cause abnormal metabolism of the drug
Example:G6PD
pharmacogenetics reactions
The dissolution of a drug. Usually applying to the breakdown of tablets
pharmaceutic phase
When one drug interacts with or interacts with the action of another drug
drug interaction
A reaction that occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone
additive drug reaction
A drug interaction that occurs when drugs produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions
synergism
When one drug interferes with the action of another drug, causing neutralization or a decrease in the effect of one drug
Antagonist drug reaction
Drug given orally, food may impair or enhance its absorption
drug- food interactions
What are the factors that influence drug response
- Age
- Weight
- Gender
- Disease
- Route
- Pregnancy
A substance that may produce physical or functional defects in a human embryo or fetus
teratogen
Drug ratings in pregnancy:
- fail to demonstrate risk in 1st or 3rd trimester.
- remote possibility of fetal harm
- controlled human studies show no risk
category A
Drug ratings in pregnancy:
- No studies show adverse effect other than decrease in fertility
- no evidence of risk in studies
category B
Drug ratings in pregnancy:
- animal studies revealed adverse effects
- no women’s studies available
- drugs should be only be given if benefits justify risk
- risk can not be ruled out
category C
Drug rating in pregnancy:
- positive evidence of fetal risk
- drug use may benefit despite risk if life threatening situation
category D
Drug ratings in pregnancy:
- fetal abnormalities/risk
- risk outweighs any possible benefits
- contraindicated for pregnant or may become pregnant
category X
