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unit 8- pharmacology > 8-1 PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

8-1 PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What chapter in the MANMED, NAVMED P-117 covers pharmacy?

A

chapter 21

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2
Q

What type of prescriptions are no longer authorized as per chapter 21 of the MANMED P-117

A

faxed prescriptions

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3
Q

Controlled substances shall be written only on the? Never on a?

A
  • DD 1289

- poly-prescription

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4
Q

Prescriptions must be written in ink, indelible pencil, type written, and must show?

A
  • pt’s full name/ ssn
  • date written
  • pt’s age/ DOB
  • directions for the pt
  • legible signature
  • refill authorization
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5
Q

What items, related to the drug information, must be documented on the prescription?

A
  • full name of drug
  • form of drug
  • dosage size/strength
  • quantity
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6
Q

What are the general principles of pharmacology?

A
  • factors that affect the actions of drugs
  • factors that affect drug reactions
  • various types of drug interactions
  • factors influencing drug response interactions
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7
Q

What is defined as:

activities of the drug after it enters the body?

A

pharmacokinetic

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8
Q

What is the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion?

A

Pharmacokinetics

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9
Q

A fundamental concept in pharmacokinetics is?

A

drug clearance

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10
Q

What is elimination of drugs from the body?

A

drug clearance

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11
Q

What is defined as:

the transfer of the drug from the body fluids to tissues.

A

absorption

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12
Q

Carrier molecule, such as protein or enzyme, actively moves the drug across the membrane

A

active absorption

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13
Q

Diffuse across a membrane from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (water soluble drugs)

A

passive absorption

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14
Q

Cells engulf the drug particle across the cell membrane

A

pinocytosis

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15
Q

What is the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation?

A

bioavailability

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16
Q

Bioavailability only occurs after the medication has been absorbed and metabolized by the?

A

liver

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17
Q

Oral drugs that have a first pass hepatic metabolism may only have a bioavailability of?
I.V medications?

A
  • 20 to 40%

- 100%

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18
Q

What are factors that alter bioavailability?

A
  • drug form
  • route
  • liver metabolism
  • GI mucosa and motility
  • Food/drugs
  • solubility
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19
Q

Which drug absorbs faster, fat soluble or water soluble?

A

fat soluble

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20
Q

Movement of drugs throughout the body typically on proteins

A

distribution

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21
Q

Drug levels in blood to produce desired effect?

A

therapeutic effect

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22
Q

Chemical reaction by which liver converts drugs to inactive compound

A

metabolism

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23
Q

Metabolism occurs in the?

A
  • liver
  • kidneys
  • lungs
  • plasma
  • intestinal mucosa
24
Q

Elimination of drugs from the body?

A

excretion

25
Q

Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug?

A

half-life

26
Q

What can increase the half-life of drugs, increasing the toxicity?

A
  • liver disease
  • kidney disease
  • old age
27
Q

Drug’s actions and effects within the body

A

pharmacodynamic

28
Q

A compulsive need to use a substance repeatedly to avoid mild to severe withdrawal symptoms

A

physical dependence

29
Q

A compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience

A

physiological dependence

30
Q

A genetically determined abnormal response to normal dose of a drug

A

pharmacogenetic disorder

31
Q

A specialized macromolecule that binds to the drug molecule, altering the function of the cell and producing the therapeutic response.

A

receptor

32
Q

A drug that alters cellular function can increase or decrease the physiological functions of the cell.

A

alteration in cellular environment

33
Q

What are the two types of alterations in cellular environment?

A
  • Therapeutic response

- agonist

34
Q

Alteration of cell to achieve the desired response

A

therapeutic response

35
Q

Drug that binds with a receptor to produce the therapeutic response

A

agonist

36
Q

Drug that binds to receptor stronger than the agonist thus producing no pharmacological effect

A

antagonist

37
Q

What is an undesirable drug effects

A

adverse reaction

38
Q

A drug reaction that occurs because the individual’s immune system views the drug as a foreign substance

A

allergic reaction

39
Q

Any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug that a patient can have, that do not occur in the vast majority of patients taking the same drug

A

drug idiosyncrasy

40
Q

A decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect

A

drug tolerance

41
Q

A drug effect that occurs when the body has not fully metabolized a dose of a drug before the next dose is given

A

cumulative drug effect

42
Q

A harmful drug effect if it is delivered in high dose or when blood concentration levels exceed therapeutic level

A

toxic

43
Q

Inherited traits that cause abnormal metabolism of the drug

Example:G6PD

A

pharmacogenetics reactions

44
Q

The dissolution of a drug. Usually applying to the breakdown of tablets

A

pharmaceutic phase

45
Q

When one drug interacts with or interacts with the action of another drug

A

drug interaction

46
Q

A reaction that occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone

A

additive drug reaction

47
Q

A drug interaction that occurs when drugs produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions

A

synergism

48
Q

When one drug interferes with the action of another drug, causing neutralization or a decrease in the effect of one drug

A

Antagonist drug reaction

49
Q

Drug given orally, food may impair or enhance its absorption

A

drug- food interactions

50
Q

What are the factors that influence drug response

A
  • Age
  • Weight
  • Gender
  • Disease
  • Route
  • Pregnancy
51
Q

A substance that may produce physical or functional defects in a human embryo or fetus

A

teratogen

52
Q

Drug ratings in pregnancy:

  • fail to demonstrate risk in 1st or 3rd trimester.
  • remote possibility of fetal harm
  • controlled human studies show no risk
A

category A

53
Q

Drug ratings in pregnancy:

  • No studies show adverse effect other than decrease in fertility
  • no evidence of risk in studies
A

category B

54
Q

Drug ratings in pregnancy:

  • animal studies revealed adverse effects
  • no women’s studies available
  • drugs should be only be given if benefits justify risk
  • risk can not be ruled out
A

category C

55
Q

Drug rating in pregnancy:

  • positive evidence of fetal risk
  • drug use may benefit despite risk if life threatening situation
A

category D

56
Q

Drug ratings in pregnancy:

  • fetal abnormalities/risk
  • risk outweighs any possible benefits
  • contraindicated for pregnant or may become pregnant
A

category X

unit 8- pharmacology (5 decks)

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